Architectural Styles

Aat-Chala architecture, a subset of Bengal temple architecture, features a roof structure composed of eight sloping planes meeting at a central ridge, often adorned with terracotta.

Characterized by monumental scale, hypostyle halls, and relief sculptures, originating in Persia and influencing regions across its vast empire, including parts of Northwest India.

This style represents a contemporary adaptation of the Nagara tradition, incorporating modern materials and construction techniques while retaining core formal elements within a diaspora context.

The process of repurposing existing structures for new uses while retaining their historical features and character, promoting sustainability and preserving cultural heritage.

Agamic architecture adheres to the principles outlined in the Agamas, ancient Hindu scriptures, governing temple design, construction, and ritual practices, ensuring sacred space and divine presence.

Ahom architecture, originating in Assam, is characterized by its unique blend of indigenous Assamese traditions with influences from other regional styles, often incorporating elements suited to the local climate and materials.

A synthesis of Nagara elements with local Ahom architectural traditions, often seen in temple construction in Assam, Northeast India.

Reflecting Ajanta-Ellora traditions, this rock-cut style features excavated caves adorned with murals and sculptures depicting Buddhist narratives and deities.

Involves carving structures directly from natural rock formations, showcasing intricate craftsmanship and often serving religious purposes.

Early forms of Indian temple architecture, characterized by simple structures and evolving construction techniques, laying the foundation for later, more elaborate styles.

Ancient Indian universities, like Nalanda and Takshashila, featured complex layouts with residential quarters, lecture halls, libraries, and stupas, reflecting a focus on holistic education and community living.

Characterized by grid-patterned streets, sophisticated drainage systems, and standardized brick construction, reflecting advanced civic engineering and social organization in ancient India.

Andhra architecture, a regional variant of Dravida, features distinctive gopurams, intricate carvings, and a focus on deity-specific iconography, often utilizing locally sourced granite.

Andhra temple architecture showcases a blend of Dravidian and Chalukya influences, featuring distinctive gopurams, intricate carvings, and a focus on sculptural detail, reflecting the region's rich artistic heritage.

The Angkor Wat style, prominent in Southeast Asia, is characterized by its grand scale, intricate bas-reliefs, and quincunx layout, reflecting Hindu cosmology and Khmer artistry.

This style represents a fusion of British military engineering with indigenous Manipuri defensive strategies, incorporating ramparts, ditches, and strategic positioning for optimal defense during the Anglo-Manipuri War.

Characterized by tiered, tapering roofs and ornate details, this style reflects the unique cultural and religious landscape of the Arakan region, blending indigenous traditions with Buddhist influences.

Art Deco architecture, popular in the early 20th century, features geometric patterns, streamlined forms, and luxurious materials, often incorporating local motifs and adapting to regional contexts in India.

Indigenous architectural traditions of Arunachal Pradesh, reflecting diverse tribal customs and utilizing locally sourced materials like bamboo, wood, and thatch for dwellings and community structures.

Architecture of the Assam region reflects a blend of indigenous building practices and influences from neighboring regions, often utilizing bamboo, wood, and locally available materials, with distinct regional variations.

Characterized by its distinctive regional adaptations, Assam Temple architecture often features tiered structures, incorporating local materials and reflecting the cultural landscape of the Brahmaputra Valley.

Assam Vernacular architecture is characterized by its adaptation to the region's climate and resources, utilizing materials like bamboo, timber, and thatch for sustainable construction.

This style blends indigenous building practices of Assam and Bengal, often utilizing bamboo, wood, and thatch for construction, reflecting local climate and resources.

Characterized by its unique adaptation of Nagara and other regional styles, Assamese temple architecture features distinctive roof structures, often incorporating local materials and responding to the region's climate.

Assamese temple architecture reflects a regional style incorporating local materials and adapting pan-Indian Nagara elements with distinct Assamese features.

Assamese Vernacular architecture reflects the climate and available materials of Assam, utilizing bamboo, wood, and thatch to create structures adapted to the region's heavy rainfall and seismic activity.

Atchala, or 'eight-roofed,' is a Bengali temple style distinguished by its eight sloping roofs meeting at a curved ridge, often featuring terracotta ornamentation and reflecting vernacular building traditions.

Characterized by its refined elegance, incorporating elements of Mughal and Rajput styles, with a focus on intricate ornamentation and spacious courtyards, primarily in the Awadh region.

The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) architecture, found in Central Asia, features fortified settlements and monumental structures reflecting early urban planning and sophisticated craftsmanship.

Bactria-Margiana architecture, found in Central Asia, features monumental structures and fortified complexes, potentially influenced by early Indic cosmological concepts and religious traditions.

Badami Chalukya architecture (6th-8th centuries CE) from Karnataka blends Nagara and Dravida styles, known for rock-cut cave temples and structural temples with intricate carvings and Vesara elements.

Badami Chalukyan architecture, an early Dravidian style, is characterized by rock-cut cave temples and structural temples with intricate carvings, primarily found in Karnataka, marking a transition in temple design.

Characterized by its unique blend of Mon and Burmese influences, Bagan architecture features distinctive stupas, temples, and monastic complexes, often built with brick and adorned with stucco.

The Bagan Stupa style, originating in the Bagan Kingdom (present-day Myanmar), showcases a unique blend of indigenous Mon and Pyu influences with Indic architectural principles, particularly in stupa design and construction.

Bagan temple architecture, prevalent in Myanmar, showcases a unique blend of indigenous Mon and Pyu influences with Indian architectural concepts, often featuring brick construction and distinctive stupa designs.

A regional variant of Nagara architecture found in Bagan, Myanmar, characterized by its adaptation of North Indian temple forms with local materials and artistic interpretations, reflecting Hindu-Buddhist syncretism.

Evolved under the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan, showcasing a distinctive synthesis of Persian and indigenous Deccan styles, known for its grand scale and refined ornamentation.

Characterized by a curved roof resembling traditional Bengali village huts, this style is a prominent feature in Bengal temple architecture, often constructed with terracotta bricks.

Baphuon style, a phase of Khmer architecture, is known for its monumental scale, stepped pyramid structures, and intricate carvings, often dedicated to Hindu deities.

Bengal architecture, influenced by the region's climate and materials, showcases curved roofs, terracotta ornamentation, and distinct temple typologies like Navaratna and Chala.

The Chala style, distinctive to Bengal, features a curved roof inspired by traditional Bengali village huts, often seen in temple architecture and characterized by its sloping eaves.

A regional style of Hindu temple architecture prevalent in Bengal, characterized by hut-shaped roofs (dochala, chauchala, atchala), often built of brick, and dedicated to various deities.

This style, originating in Bengal, is characterized by its distinctive hut-shaped roof, often incorporating curvilinear cornices and constructed using materials like laterite, bamboo, and timber, frequently adorned with terracotta decorations.

The Navaratna style, originating in Bengal, is characterized by nine spires or ratnas crowning the structure, often arranged around a central tower, and frequently adorned with terracotta ornamentation.

Bengal Sultanate architecture, prominent in the Bengal region, blends indigenous Bengali styles with Islamic influences, often featuring brick construction, curved cornices, and intricate terracotta ornamentation.

This style, originating in the Bengal region, is recognized by its distinctive curved rooflines, often inspired by traditional Bengali village huts, and brick construction, sometimes incorporating terracotta ornamentation.

Characterized by the extensive use of terracotta bricks and tiles for ornamentation, this style flourished in Bengal, showcasing intricate carvings and depictions of Hindu deities and scenes from epics.

Characterized by its distinctive curvilinear roof resembling a traditional Bengali hut, this style is prevalent in Bengal and often features extended eaves.

Bengali temple architecture features distinctive curved roofs inspired by rural vernacular architecture, often incorporating terracotta ornamentation and dedicated to various Hindu deities.

Characterized by the extensive use of terracotta ornamentation and distinctive roof styles like Chala, Jor Bangla, and Navaratna, this style flourished in Bengal, blending indigenous traditions with regional materials.

Traditional building practices in Bengal, characterized by local materials like bamboo, mud, and thatch, adapted to the region's climate and culture, often featuring sloping roofs and courtyards.

Bhumija, originating in the Paramara dynasty of Malwa, is a Nagara sub-style characterized by its urushringas resembling miniature shikharas attached to the latina shikhara, often seen in Central India.

Bhumija is a sub-style of Nagara architecture originating in the Paramara dynasty of Central India, characterized by its tiered pyramidal superstructure and cruciform plan, often incorporating elements from surrounding regional styles.

Dzong architecture, originating in Bhutan, is characterized by massive walls, courtyards, and intricate woodwork, serving as both administrative and religious centers, often incorporating defensive elements.

Characterized by the use of locally available materials like bamboo, mud, and thatch, Bihari vernacular architecture reflects the region's climate and cultural traditions, often featuring simple, functional designs.

This style represents the regional adaptations of temple architecture in Bihar, incorporating local materials, construction techniques, and cultural preferences, often alongside broader Nagara influences.

Characterized by a blend of Mughal and Rajput influences, this regional style emphasizes ornate decoration, arched gateways, and the use of red sandstone, reflecting the cultural synthesis of the Braj region.

Brick architecture, a widespread construction method, utilizes fired clay bricks as the primary building material, offering durability and versatility, and is adapted to various regional styles and contemporary designs.

This style uses brick as the primary construction material, while adhering to the Nagara architectural principles of curvilinear shikhara and elaborate ornamentation.

A style imposed by the British Empire, adapting European architectural forms to the Indian climate and context, often incorporating local materials and motifs.

British Himalayan architecture, emerging in the 19th century CE, blends colonial building techniques with local Pahari styles, often incorporating wood and stone construction suited to the mountainous terrain.

Characterized by the use of bronze tools and technologies in construction, leading to more complex structures and urban settlements.

Characterized by settlement layouts and construction techniques prevalent during the Bronze Age, this style reflects early urban planning and building practices in the region.

Buddhist architecture encompasses structures designed for Buddhist practices, including stupas, monasteries, and temples, reflecting diverse regional interpretations of Buddhist principles.

Buddhist Monastery architecture, originating in India, features viharas (living quarters), chaityas (prayer halls), stupas (relic repositories), and often incorporates courtyards, gardens, and surrounding walls for monastic life and practice.

Buddhist monastic architecture, prevalent across India and beyond, emphasizes functional design for monastic life, incorporating viharas (living quarters), stupas (reliquary mounds), and chaityas (prayer halls) within enclosed complexes.

Buddhist stupa architecture, a prominent form of Indic sacred structure, serves as a reliquary mound, evolving in design across various regions and embodying Buddhist cosmological principles through its form and orientation.

Bundela architecture, originating in the Bundelkhand region, blends Rajput and Mughal elements, often featuring elevated platforms, ornate carvings, and a synthesis of Hindu and Islamic design principles.

This style, originating in the Bundelkhand region, blends Rajput military architecture with local vernacular elements, often incorporating fortified citadels and regional materials.

Characterized by tiered roofs, gilded surfaces, and intricate ornamentation, this style reflects Theravada Buddhist principles and is prevalent in pagodas and monasteries.

A North American adaptation of Gothic Revival using wood framing, featuring pointed arches, steep gables, and decorative trim, often seen in vernacular buildings.

Cave architecture involves creating structures within natural or artificial caves, often for religious or residential purposes, showcasing adaptation to the environment and unique spatial qualities.

Cave temples, found throughout India, represent an ancient tradition of carving sacred spaces directly into natural rock formations, often associated with various Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain faiths.

Central Asian architecture reflects diverse cultural influences, incorporating elements from nomadic traditions, Persian empires, and trade routes like the Silk Road.

Central Asian Buddhist architecture reflects diverse influences along the Silk Road, incorporating Indian, Iranian, and local traditions in monasteries, stupas, and cave temples.

Characterized by cave complexes serving religious and residential purposes, this style reflects the diverse cultural interactions along the Silk Road.

This style emphasizes defensive structures, incorporating features like fortified walls and strategic layouts to protect settlements and control trade routes.

Characterized by robust defensive structures, including fortified walls, towers, and strategic gateways, this style reflects the region's history of conflict and territorial control.

Central Asian funerary architecture encompasses diverse tomb and memorial structures, reflecting nomadic, settled, and syncretic religious influences across the Silk Road.

Characterized by settlements adapted to arid environments, this style features fortified structures, irrigation systems, and building materials sourced locally from the desert landscape.

Central Asian Oasis City architecture reflects the adaptation of urban design to arid environments, featuring fortified walls, caravanserai, and structures built with mud brick and local materials.

Characterized by pre-Islamic religious architectural traditions in Central Asia, this style reflects diverse cultural and religious influences shaping temple design.

Central Indian architecture represents a regional variant of Nagara, incorporating local materials and stylistic adaptations, often patronized by dynasties like the Paramaras.

A regional variant of Nagara, Central Indian Nagara temples, like Kandariya Mahadeva, often feature a distinctive curvilinear shikhara and intricate sculptural programs, reflecting local artistic traditions.

Central Indian temple architecture represents a regional variant of the Nagara style, characterized by its unique blend of architectural elements and decorative motifs, reflecting the diverse cultural influences of the region.

Characterized by locally sourced materials and techniques, this style reflects the climate and cultural practices of Central India, often featuring simple designs adapted to the region's environment and available resources.

Ceylon Tamil architecture, a regional variant of Dravida, exhibits unique adaptations influenced by Sri Lankan materials, climate, and cultural context, particularly in Saiva temples.

Chala architecture, originating in Bengal, features a roof structure inspired by traditional village huts, often with curved eaves and multiple layers, adapted for temple construction.

A distinct Bengali temple style characterized by a roof resembling a traditional thatched hut, with variations like Do-chala (two-roofed), At-chala (eight-roofed), and Panch-chala (five-roofed).

Chalukya architecture, encompassing Badami Chalukya and Western Chalukya styles, features a blend of Nagara and Dravida elements, characterized by intricate carvings, stellate plans, and the use of sandstone.

Chalukya architecture, a fusion of North and South Indian styles, is known for its intricate carvings, stellate plans, and the use of locally available stone, influencing temple construction across the Deccan region.

Chalukya-Hoysala architecture, a transitional style, blends elements of both Chalukya and Hoysala traditions, featuring intricate carvings, stellate plans, and ornate pillars, primarily found in Karnataka.

Evolving in Karnataka, Chalukyan architecture is known for its intricate carvings, stellate plans, and a fusion of Nagara and Dravida traditions.

Cham architecture, developed in the Champa kingdom (present-day Vietnam), exhibits influences from Indian styles, particularly Dravida, adapted to local materials and incorporating unique tower designs.

A localized variant of Nagara architecture, exhibiting Cham cultural adaptations in tower design and incorporating indigenous materials within the broader Nagara framework.

Champa architecture, found in present-day Vietnam, reflects a blend of indigenous Southeast Asian traditions with strong influences from Indian Hindu art and architecture, particularly Dravida styles.

Chettiar architecture, influenced by Dravida traditions, is known for its ornate detailing, spacious courtyards, and the integration of local materials, often reflecting the mercantile heritage of the Chettiar community.

The Chettinad style, originating in the Chettinad region of Tamil Nadu, showcases a fusion of Tamil vernacular traditions with European influences, particularly in domestic architecture, reflecting the Nagarathar community's global mercantile connections.

Chhatri architecture, common in Rajasthan and Mughal structures, denotes elevated, dome-shaped pavilions used as decorative and commemorative elements, often supported by pillars and signifying royalty or honor.

Characterized by symmetrical layouts, enclosed courtyards, and the use of timber framing with intricate joinery, often incorporating elements of feng shui and traditional symbolism.

Characterized by symmetrical layouts, courtyard complexes, timber construction, and elaborate bracketing systems (Dougong), reflecting Chinese cosmological principles and Buddhist iconography.

A prominent style within Dravida architecture, the Chola style (c. 9th-13th centuries CE) is characterized by its soaring vimanas, intricate sculptures, and the use of granite in temple construction.

A type of Buddhist stupa, the Chorten is a reliquary monument, often featuring a square base, dome, and spire, symbolizing the path to enlightenment.

This style represents a synthesis of Chutia and Tai Ahom architectural traditions, likely incorporating brick-and-mortar construction techniques and gateway designs prevalent in medieval Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.

Characterized by adherence to Shilpa Shastras, geometric planning (vastu-purusha-mandala), axial alignment, and symbolic representation of cosmic principles in temple design and construction.

This style involves adapting fortification techniques to coastal environments, considering factors like naval attacks, sea erosion, and strategic positioning along the coastline.

European architectural styles adapted and implemented by colonial powers in India, reflecting administrative, residential, and military needs, often incorporating local materials and climatic adaptations.

Colonial Vernacular architecture blends indigenous building traditions with European colonial influences, often adapting to local climates and materials, resulting in hybrid styles.

Community campus architecture focuses on creating accessible, multi-functional spaces that serve diverse community needs, often incorporating sustainable design and flexible layouts.

Community cultural centres are designed to foster social interaction and cultural preservation, often incorporating elements of local architectural traditions and serving diverse community needs.

Encompasses diverse architectural approaches from the late 20th and early 21st centuries, often incorporating modern materials, technologies, and functional considerations.

A modern adaptation of Dravida architecture, incorporating traditional elements with contemporary materials and construction techniques, often seen in temples built outside of South India.

Modern Hindu temple architecture reflects a globalized approach, blending traditional Indic forms with contemporary materials and functional requirements.

Contemporary Indian architecture integrates modern materials and techniques with traditional Indic design principles, reflecting evolving aesthetics and functional requirements in diverse building types.

This style reflects modern interpretations of traditional Indian temple architecture, incorporating contemporary materials, construction techniques, and design principles while maintaining core Indic aesthetic values.

Contemporary Indic architecture integrates traditional Indian design principles with modern materials and construction techniques, often reflecting diaspora cultural identities.

Contemporary Mandir architecture blends traditional Hindu temple design principles with modern construction techniques and materials, often incorporating community spaces and adapting to urban contexts.

A modern iteration of the Nagara style, incorporating traditional North Indian temple architectural elements with contemporary construction techniques and materials, often seen in newly built Hindu temples.

Courtyard architecture, prevalent across India, features enclosed or semi-enclosed outdoor spaces integrated within buildings, providing ventilation, light, and a focal point for social and ritual activities.

Deccan architecture represents a fusion of North and South Indian styles, characterized by unique adaptations of Nagara and Dravida elements, reflecting regional patronage and craftsmanship.

Deccan Chalukya architecture, prevalent in the Deccan region, blends Nagara and Dravida styles, characterized by intricate carvings, stellate plans, and tiered superstructures.

Deccan regional architecture represents a synthesis of various styles, reflecting the diverse dynasties and cultural influences that have shaped the Deccan Plateau, often incorporating basalt and distinctive regional adaptations.

Characterized by the fusion of Persian, Turkish, and Indian styles, often featuring grand arches, domes, and intricate stucco work, particularly in fortifications and palaces.

Deccan Vernacular architecture utilizes locally sourced materials and techniques adapted to the Deccan Plateau's climate, often featuring sloping roofs and courtyards for ventilation and shade.

Deccani architecture, a synthesis of indigenous and Islamic styles, is characterized by its use of stucco, intricate ornamentation, bulbous domes, and the incorporation of local materials like basalt and laterite.

A regional variant of Indo-Islamic architecture flourishing in the Deccan Plateau, blending Persian, Turkish, and local Indian idioms, often characterized by distinctive arches, domes, and stucco work.

Reflecting a blend of indigenous and Islamic influences, Deccani military architecture features strong fortifications, bastions, and strategic adaptations to the Deccan plateau's terrain.

Characterized by a blend of Persian, Turkish, and Indian architectural traditions, this style flourished under the Deccan Sultanates, showcasing unique dome designs and intricate stucco work.

This style prioritizes protection and control through the construction of fortifications, including walls, towers, and moats, designed to withstand attacks and secure strategic locations.

Characterized by the introduction of arches, domes, and minarets, Delhi Sultanate architecture blended Islamic principles with indigenous Indian craftsmanship, often using red sandstone.

Deula architecture, specific to Odisha, denotes a temple characterized by its distinct components: the rekha deula (sanctum), pidha deula (assembly hall), and nata-mandira (dance hall).

Diaspora Hindu architecture reflects the adaptation of traditional Indic temple forms within new cultural contexts, often incorporating local materials and design elements while maintaining core Hindu iconographic principles.

Hindu temples constructed outside the Indian subcontinent, adapting traditional Indic architectural principles to local contexts and materials, while serving as cultural and religious hubs for the diaspora.

Diaspora Indian Vernacular architecture reflects the adaptation of traditional Indian architectural elements within the urban context of the Indian diaspora, blending cultural heritage with local materials and construction techniques.

This style reflects adaptations of Indic architectural principles in regions outside the Indian subcontinent, often incorporating local materials and construction techniques while maintaining core Hindu iconographic elements.

Representing adaptations of traditional Indic temple architecture in non-Indian contexts, often incorporating local materials and construction techniques while maintaining core Hindu iconographic principles.

Characterized by its unique blend of indigenous building techniques and influences from neighboring regions, Dimasa Kachari architecture is notable for its use of brick, stone, and earth ramparts in fortifications and settlements.

Originating in South India, Dravida architecture is characterized by its towering gopurams, intricate carvings, and pyramidal vimanas over the sanctum sanctorum, often dedicated to Shiva or Vishnu.

A synthesis of Dravida temple building traditions with pre-existing natural cave formations, often incorporating the limestone karst topography of the region into the temple's structure and design.

A southern Indian temple style, Dravida architecture, here manifests in a Shakta context, likely featuring a square plan, tiered superstructure (vimana), and emphasis on sculpture, dedicated to the Divine Feminine.

Dravida architecture, originating in South India, is characterized by its tiered gopurams, intricate carvings, and a focus on granite construction, often dedicated to Vaishnava deities.

A regional variant of Dravida architecture, developed in the Champa kingdom (present-day Vietnam), incorporating local materials and adapting Dravidian principles to Cham Hindu temple construction.

Southeast Asian architecture, particularly in temple complexes, exhibits influences from Dravida traditions in planning, elevation, and decorative elements, adapted to local materials and beliefs.

This style represents a syncretic blend of Dravida and Nagara architectural elements, reflecting a fusion of southern and northern Indian temple traditions, often seen in temples built outside the Indian subcontinent.

Originating in South India, Dravidian architecture is distinguished by its towering gopurams, intricate carvings, and the use of stone, particularly granite, in temple construction.

Dzong architecture, originating in Bhutan, is characterized by massive fortress-monasteries with towering walls, courtyards, and intricate woodwork, serving as both religious and administrative centers.

This style, originating in the early Angkor period of Cambodia, is characterized by brick construction and the prasat (temple tower) form, often dedicated to Hindu deities.

Evolving from early Brahmi-influenced forms, this style features monumental stupas, sophisticated irrigation systems, and monastic complexes, showcasing early Sri Lankan Buddhist art and engineering.

Early Bagan stupas, like Buphaya Pagoda, reflect Indic cosmological and riverine traditions, incorporating Hindu-Buddhist mythology in their design and placement within the landscape.

Characterized by stupas, monastic complexes (viharas), and rock-cut caves, reflecting the early development of Buddhist art and architecture under the patronage of various Indian dynasties.

Early Buddhist stupa architecture, evolving from ancient burial mounds, served as reliquaries and focal points for devotion, characterized by simple hemispherical forms and circumambulatory paths.

Early Dravidian architecture, prevalent in South India, is marked by its emphasis on square plans, pyramidal vimanas, and elaborate gopurams, often constructed from granite.

Early Hindu temple architecture, emerging from Gupta period onwards, is characterized by simple square plans, flat roofs or modest shikharas, and a focus on the garbhagriha (sanctum) housing the deity.

Encompassing diverse regional variations, Early Indian architecture (pre-Gupta) is marked by the use of brick, timber, and stone, with a focus on religious structures like stupas and rock-cut caves.

Early Indic religious architecture, evidenced by fire altars and rudimentary temple structures, reflects the cosmological beliefs and ritual practices of the Vedic period and subsequent eras.

Early Medieval temples across India showcase regional variations in Nagara and Dravida styles, reflecting evolving religious practices and dynastic patronage.

Characterized by early forms of temple construction, potentially incorporating Indian religious rituals and cosmological concepts into its design and spatial organization.

Characterized by adaptation to mountainous terrain and heavy rainfall, this style uses locally sourced materials like bamboo and wood, featuring steeply pitched roofs and elevated platforms.

Characterized by regional variations of the Nagara style, often incorporating local materials and distinct ornamentation, found in states like Jharkhand, Bihar, and West Bengal.

Eclectic architecture combines elements from various historical styles, creating a unique aesthetic that draws inspiration from diverse sources and traditions.

This style combines diverse architectural elements from various traditions, resulting in a unique and hybrid design for Hindu temples.

Popular during the early 20th century, this style draws inspiration from European Renaissance architecture, often featuring symmetrical facades, classical orders, and ornate detailing.

Ek-Ratna, meaning 'single jewel,' is a Bengali temple style characterized by a square plan and a single ratna, or tower, rising from the center of the roof, often with a curvilinear form.

Eka-Ratna is a Bengali temple style characterized by a square or rectangular base with a single tower (ratna) rising from the center, often influenced by regional vernacular traditions.

Ekasringa architecture, a regional style found in Assam, features a single-shrined structure, often incorporating local materials and decorative elements within a broader Indic framework.

Encompassing diverse styles from various European nations, characterized by classical orders, symmetry, and adaptation to local climate and materials during colonial periods in India.

Characterized by ornate detailing, dramatic use of light and shadow, and grand scale, European Baroque architecture emphasizes movement, emotion, and a sense of awe, often seen in palatial structures.

Inspired by the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome, this style emphasizes symmetry, proportion, and the use of classical orders, often seen in colonial-era buildings in India.

Characterized by a revival of classical forms, symmetry, and proportion, often seen in colonial-era buildings across India.

A synthesis of Nagara temple architecture with Expressionist modernism, incorporating organic forms, flowing spaces, and reinterpretations of traditional shikhara elements, while adhering to Vastu Shastra principles and mandala-inspired layouts.

An Australian architectural style prevalent from 1890 to 1915, characterized by ornate detailing, red brick, and asymmetrical facades.

Fire altar architecture, integral to Vedic and Zoroastrian traditions, involves the design and construction of sacred spaces for ritual fire offerings (yajnas or homas).

Fire temples, dedicated to the veneration of fire, often feature a central fire altar, enclosed spaces for rituals, and designs that emphasize the sacredness and purity of the flame.

Fort architecture, designed for defense, incorporates features like ramparts, gateways, and strategic placement, reflecting the military and political landscape of the region.

Fortification architecture involves the design and construction of defensive structures like walls, towers, and moats to protect settlements or strategic locations from attack.

Fortress architecture involves defensive structures like walls, towers, and gates, designed to protect settlements or strategic locations from attack.

Gandhara architecture, originating in the Gandhara region (present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan), blends Indian and Hellenistic influences, notably in Buddhist monasteries and stupas, often featuring stucco and schist.

This style blends Gandharan art's Hellenistic and Indian elements with Buddhist architecture, seen in monasteries and stupas along the Silk Road, characterized by stucco and intricate carvings.

This style, seen at Kizil Caves, blends Gandharan Buddhist art with rock-cut cave design, incorporating Indian Jataka iconography and reflecting Central Asian cave traditions.

A syncretic style blending Gandharan, Indian, and Central Asian elements, characterized by Buddhist structures and urban planning during the Kushan Empire's rule in regions spanning modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Uzbekistan.

A synthesis of Gandharan and Kushan artistic traditions, this style flourished in Central Asia, blending Hellenistic, Indian, and Central Asian elements in Buddhist structures.

A syncretic style blending Gandharan Hellenistic and Mathura Indian elements, characterized by Buddhist stupas, monasteries, and figural sculpture reflecting early Mahayana traditions in the Kushan empire.

Characterized by Greco-Roman influences blended with Indian Buddhist and Hindu motifs, Gandharan architecture flourished in the Gandhara region.

A regional style within the Himalayan tradition, Garhwali architecture features distinctive wooden construction, intricate carvings, and multi-tiered roofs adapted to the climate and terrain of the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand.

A devotional style rooted in the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition of Bengal, characterised by ornate detailing, vibrant colours, and focus on Radha-Krishna deities, adapted to local contexts.

Temple architecture adapted to Gaudiya Vaishnava traditions, emphasizing spaces for kirtan, deity worship (puja), and community gatherings, often incorporating elements of local architectural styles.

A fusion of the North Indian Nagara temple architectural tradition with Gaudiya Vaishnava devotional requirements, adapted for an urban setting and incorporating pre-existing Edwardian Renaissance Revival elements.

This style encompasses the broad architectural traditions of Hindu temples across India, reflecting diverse regional variations and religious influences in their design and construction.

Characterized by the use of local materials like laterite stone and sloping roofs, Goan architecture reflects a blend of indigenous techniques and influences from various rulers and traders.

Goan Hindu architecture represents a syncretic style blending indigenous traditions with influences from Portuguese colonial architecture, resulting in unique temple forms and decorative elements.

This regional style, prevalent in Goa, blends Kadamba, Chalukyan, and Hoysala influences with local materials like laterite, often featuring a unique adaptation of Nagara elements.

Gopurams are monumental tower gateways, a prominent feature of South Indian temples, adorned with intricate sculptures depicting deities, mythological figures, and scenes from Hindu epics, serving as symbolic entrances to the sacred precinct.

This style represents Buddhist architectural traditions across Greater India, incorporating regional variations and reflecting shared cosmological and iconographic elements.

Gujarat's regional temple architecture blends Nagara elements with local materials and craftsmanship, often featuring intricate carvings and a distinctive style of stepped well construction.

The Sompura style, a regional variant within Nagara architecture, is known for its intricate carvings, use of sandstone, and association with the Sompura Shilpis (craftsmen) of Gujarat.

A regional style blending indigenous Gujarati craftsmanship with Islamic architectural principles, known for its intricate carvings, bracket supports, and the incorporation of temple elements into Islamic structures.

Characterized by regional adaptations of broader Indian styles, Gujarati architecture showcases intricate woodwork, vibrant colors, and a blend of Hindu, Jain, and Islamic influences, particularly in havelis and temples.

Characterized by intricately carved wooden facades, projecting balconies (jharokhas), and enclosed courtyards, reflecting the regional craftsmanship and domestic traditions of Gujarat.

Gujarati temple architecture showcases a blend of Maru-Gurjara and other regional influences, characterized by intricate carvings, toranas (gateways), and a focus on detailed ornamentation.

This style blends traditional Hindu temple architectural elements with the vernacular building traditions of the Gulf region, particularly merchant house designs, reflecting the local context.

Gupta architecture, flourishing in northern India, is characterized by its refined elegance, balanced proportions, and intricate carvings, often employing sandstone and brick in temple and monastic constructions.

Gupta Period architecture (4th-6th centuries CE) marks a classical phase in Indian art, characterized by refined proportions, elaborate carvings, and the development of the Nagara temple style, often using sandstone.

Gupta period rock-cut architecture, flourishing in North and Central India, is characterized by refined carvings, integration of Hindu iconography, and nascent Nagara elements.

A regional style within Nagara architecture, flourishing under the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty in the 8th-10th centuries CE, known for its refined carvings, elaborate ornamentation, and distinctive shikhara designs.

Haveli architecture, prevalent in Gujarat and Rajasthan, features enclosed courtyards, ornate facades, jharokhas, and chhatris, reflecting a blend of indigenous and Mughal influences in residential structures.

Emanating from Greece, this style emphasizes symmetry, proportion, and classical orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian), influencing architecture across the Mediterranean and into Central Asia.

Hemadpanthi architecture, originating in Maharashtra, is characterized by stellate plans, dark stone construction without mortar, and stepped pyramidal superstructures, often dedicated to Shiva.

Hemadpanti architecture, originating in Maharashtra, is characterized by its unique mortarless construction using interlocking stone slabs and minimal ornamentation, often seen in temples and forts.

This style adapts architectural designs to the challenges of high-altitude environments, such as extreme weather, limited resources, and steep terrain, often employing locally sourced materials and compact, sheltered forms.

Hill Fort architecture, found across the Indian subcontinent, utilizes elevated terrain for strategic defense, incorporating natural features and locally sourced materials to create formidable strongholds.

Hill Temple architecture, often found in elevated terrains, integrates natural rock formations and adapts temple layouts to the contours of the landscape, emphasizing accessibility via steps or winding paths.

Himachali architecture utilizes local materials like wood and stone, adapting to the mountainous terrain with distinctive sloping roofs and intricate woodwork.

Characterized by tiered wooden structures, pagoda-like roofs, and stone foundations, this style reflects adaptation to mountainous terrain and seismic activity, often incorporating Buddhist and Hindu elements in regions like Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh.

Vernacular architecture adapted to the mountainous terrain and climate of the Himalayas, utilizing local materials and construction techniques.

A regional variant of Nagara architecture adapted to the Himalayan terrain, often incorporating local materials and vernacular building techniques.

Characterized by its adaptation to mountainous terrain, use of local materials like wood and stone, and syncretism of Hindu and Buddhist influences, found across the Himalayan range.

Adapted to the harsh climate and terrain, this style utilizes local materials and construction techniques to create durable and functional structures, often incorporating indigenous artistic expressions.

The Hindu Shahi style, prevalent in the northwest Indian subcontinent, blends indigenous traditions with influences from Gandhara, characterized by distinctive temple forms and construction techniques.

General style encompassing diverse regional expressions of sacred Hindu building traditions, characterized by garbhagriha, mandapa, shikhara/vimana, and sculptural ornamentation, reflecting pan-Indian cosmological principles and local adaptations.

This style showcases Khmer temple architecture significantly influenced by Hindu religious and artistic traditions, particularly in iconography and cosmological representations.

Hoysala architecture, originating in Karnataka, is characterized by intricate carvings, stellate plans, and a unique blend of Dravida and Nagara influences, often dedicated to Hindu deities like Vishnu and Shiva.

This style represents a fusion of traditional Hindu temple architectural principles with modern materials and construction techniques, often seen in temples built outside of India.

Hypaethral architecture denotes structures with an open or partially open roof, allowing direct exposure to the sky, often employed in ancient temples and courtyards for ritualistic or astronomical purposes.

Indian administrative architecture encompasses structures designed for governance, characterized by durable materials, functional layouts, and symbolic elements reflecting the ruling power's authority and cultural values.

Encompassing a vast array of building traditions shaped by diverse dynasties, religions, and regional variations across the Indian subcontinent and its cultural sphere.

Indian Buddhist architecture encompasses diverse regional styles adapted for Buddhist structures like stupas, chaityas, and viharas, reflecting local materials and craftsmanship while adhering to Buddhist principles.

Evolved in India and spread to Sri Lanka, featuring rock-cut chaityas (prayer halls) and viharas (monasteries) adorned with sculptures and paintings depicting Buddhist narratives and iconography.

This style, originating in India, adapts monastic design principles to Buddhist contexts, often incorporating viharas, stupas, and chaityas within a unified complex, reflecting the spread of Buddhism along trade routes.

Indian decorative architecture is characterized by intricate carvings, sculptures, and ornamentation, often depicting deities, mythological scenes, and geometric patterns, reflecting a rich artistic and cultural heritage.

This style encompasses the principles and techniques of defensive construction developed in the Indian subcontinent, characterized by strategic layouts, robust materials, and indigenous structural elements.

Indian gardens, influenced by Persian and indigenous traditions, feature symmetrical layouts, water channels, pavilions, and diverse flora, creating serene and aesthetically pleasing environments.

Characterized by diverse regional variations, this style features temples with elaborate carvings, mandapas, and shikharas, reflecting Hindu cosmology and deities, and adapted across the Indian subcontinent.

Indian Hindu temple architecture encompasses diverse regional styles, each reflecting unique interpretations of sacred geometry, cosmology, and the principles of Vastu Shastra, serving as a sacred space for deities.

Indian palace architecture showcases a blend of grandeur and functionality, incorporating elements like courtyards, elaborate gateways, and ornate decorations, reflecting the power and aesthetics of the ruling dynasties.

Indian religious architecture encompasses diverse sacred structures influenced by Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and other Indic traditions, reflecting cosmological beliefs and ritual practices.

This style involves excavating structures from solid rock, often adorned with intricate carvings and serving religious purposes, particularly Buddhist.

This style, originating in India, involves excavating monastic spaces directly from rock formations, often incorporating chaitya halls and viharas, reflecting early Buddhist architectural practices.

This style encompasses diverse regional temple building traditions across India, characterized by unique structural forms, ornamentation, and adherence to Vastu Shastra principles.

Ancient Indian urban planning, as seen in texts like the Shilpa Shastras, emphasizes grid layouts, water management, and fortified cities, reflecting a sophisticated understanding of civic design and social organization.

Indian vernacular religious architecture adapts traditional building techniques and local materials to create sacred spaces that reflect regional cultural identities and spiritual beliefs.

Indian wood carving architecture, prevalent across the subcontinent, showcases intricate designs and motifs inspired by nature, mythology, and religious beliefs, often adorning temples and palaces.

Architectural adaptations related to agricultural practices, including granaries, irrigation systems, and storage facilities, reflecting the importance of agriculture in Indic societies.

Encompasses the diverse architectural traditions originating from the Indian subcontinent, reflecting a rich history, cultural influences, and spiritual beliefs.

Encompasses a wide range of artistic and architectural practices originating in the Indian subcontinent, characterized by intricate ornamentation, symbolic motifs, and diverse regional variations.

Characterized by intricate detailing, symbolic iconography, and a focus on conveying spiritual and philosophical concepts through the depiction of deities and enlightened beings.

Evolving from ancient Indian building traditions, Buddhist architecture prioritizes monastic complexes, stupas, and chaityas, reflecting the principles of Dharma and Sangha.

Indic Colonial architecture represents a fusion of traditional Indian architectural elements with European colonial styles, often incorporating local materials and craftsmanship.

Indic column architecture, a fundamental aspect of Indian construction, showcases diverse regional variations in material, form, and ornamentation, reflecting local traditions and dynastic patronage.

Architectural planning based on Indic cosmological principles, incorporating mandala layouts, sacred geometry, and directional alignments to reflect the universe and facilitate spiritual experience.

This style encompasses decorative elements rooted in Indic traditions, including motifs, symbols, and artistic expressions found across various regions and religions of India.

Indic diaspora temple architecture represents adaptations of traditional Indian temple styles in regions outside the Indian subcontinent, often incorporating local materials and construction techniques while maintaining core Indic architectural principles.

Indic eclectic architecture represents a fusion of diverse regional and historical styles within the Indian subcontinent, blending traditional elements with innovative adaptations.

Indic fire worship traditions, though not directly represented, could have indirectly influenced ritual practices and symbolic representations within the broader cultural milieu of Ayaz-Kala.

Indic Hindu architecture showcases diverse regional styles, characterized by towering shikharas, intricate sculptures, and mandapas, reflecting cosmological principles and devotional practices.

This style integrates natural elements with built structures, emphasizing harmony, sacred groves, water features (tanks, kunds), and symbolic plantings aligned with Vastu Shastra principles.

Indic Mandala architecture employs geometric diagrams representing the cosmos, influencing the layout of temples, cities, and sacred spaces, reflecting a harmonious relationship between the human and divine realms.

This style encompasses mural painting traditions across the Indian subcontinent, often depicting religious narratives, courtly scenes, and decorative motifs within architectural settings.

Emphasizes the depiction of stories from Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain traditions through sculpture, painting, and relief carvings on temple walls and other architectural surfaces.

Indic religious architecture, while not directly manifested, may have exerted subtle influences on the broader cultural landscape of Central Asia, including ritual spaces and cosmological symbolism.

This style involves the conscious reproduction of architectural forms and motifs from the Indian subcontinent in other regions, often reflecting cultural exchange or religious propagation.

This style emphasizes the sacred relationship between architecture and rivers, reflecting Hindu-Buddhist cosmological beliefs and incorporating riverine motifs and symbolism.

Indic rock-cut architecture, exemplified by cave temples and monasteries, showcases subtractive sculpting techniques, creating intricate spaces within cliffs or hillsides, often adorned with relief carvings and structural simulations.

Encompassing a diverse range of regional and dynastic traditions, Indic sculpture is characterized by its iconographic complexity, symbolic richness, and emphasis on human form and spiritual expression.

Encompassing diverse regional variations, this style is defined by intricate carvings, symbolic iconography, and a deep connection to Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain religious narratives.

Indic Stupa architecture, a foundational form in Buddhist architecture, represents the enlightened mind of the Buddha, typically featuring a hemispherical dome (anda) and various symbolic elements like the harmika and chattras.

Encompassing diverse regional expressions rooted in Shilpa Shastras and Vastu Shastra, this style reflects Hindu cosmological principles through varied forms and ornamentation across the Indian subcontinent.

Indic water architecture encompasses traditional Indian methods of water management, including stepwells (baoris), tanks, and canal systems, reflecting a deep understanding of hydrology and sustainable resource utilization across diverse regions.

A fusion of Indic religious and philosophical concepts with Zoroastrian architectural forms, potentially incorporating elements of cosmology and ritual practice.

Reflecting the vernacular building traditions of Arunachal Pradesh, this style emphasizes locally sourced materials and construction techniques adapted to the region's climate and cultural practices.

Indigenous tribal architecture in Northeast India showcases diverse building traditions using local materials, reflecting unique cultural identities and environmental adaptations of various tribal communities.

A synthesis of indigenous Tai-Ahom building traditions with influences from Hindu temple architecture, particularly evident in structural layouts and decorative motifs found in Assam.

A contemporary adaptation of traditional Indian temple architecture, incorporating modern materials and construction techniques while adhering to Agamic principles and reflecting the cultural context of the Indian diaspora.

Indo-Aryan architecture, a broad term, encompasses styles prevalent in northern India, characterized by its emphasis on symmetry, elaborate ornamentation, and the use of stone.

Indo-Australian architecture represents a fusion of Indian architectural principles with Australian construction techniques and materials, often seen in diaspora temples.

Indo-Bactrian architecture, emerging from the Hellenistic Bactrian kingdom in regions of South Asia, blends Greek and Indian motifs, evident in structural layouts and decorative elements.

A hypothetical synthesis of Indus Valley and Bactria-Margiana architectural elements, potentially involving shared cosmological concepts and early temple designs, influencing later Indic traditions.

A hybrid style blending Indian and British architectural elements, often incorporating features like chattris, jalis, and colonial-era planning, reflecting the historical interactions between India and the British Empire.

A synthesis of Indian architectural principles adapted for Buddhist structures, featuring stupas, chaityas, and viharas, often incorporating intricate carvings and symbolic motifs.

This style reflects a fusion of Indian and Burmese architectural elements, often seen in regions bordering Myanmar, incorporating features like tiered roofs, intricate carvings, and a blend of Hindu and Buddhist motifs.

Indo-Canadian architecture represents a fusion of Indian architectural principles with Canadian construction techniques and materials, often seen in diaspora temples and cultural centers.

A fusion style blending traditional Indian temple architectural elements with contemporary Canadian construction techniques and materials, often seen in diaspora Hindu temples, reflecting both cultural heritage and modern adaptation.

A contemporary adaptation of Indic temple forms integrating local Canadian materials and construction techniques, often prioritizing community space and accessibility.

A hybrid style blending traditional Indic temple architecture with Canadian building practices, often incorporating local materials and adapting to cold-climate conditions while serving as a community hub.

Indo-Central Asian Buddhist architecture represents a fusion of Indian Buddhist architectural principles with Central Asian styles, evident in monasteries and stupas along the Silk Road, utilizing local materials and techniques.

This style represents a synthesis of Indian structural techniques and fortification design with Central Asian fortress architecture, reflecting cultural exchange and adaptation in defensive structures.

Characterized by a fusion of Indian and Chinese architectural elements, this style often features pagoda-like structures, intricate carvings, and vibrant color palettes, reflecting cultural exchange.

A syncretic style blending Indian Buddhist principles with Chinese architectural forms, characterized by pagodas, courtyards, and adaptation to local materials and aesthetics.

A synthesis of Indian architectural principles with Neoclassical elements, often featuring domes, columns, and symmetrical layouts, reflecting colonial influences and subsequent adaptations in temple design.

Indo-Colonial architecture represents a fusion of indigenous Indian architectural elements with European colonial styles, often incorporating features like chajjas, jalis, and chattris into Victorian or Edwardian building designs.

Indo-Diaspora architecture reflects the adaptation of traditional Indian architectural principles within the context of diaspora communities, often incorporating modern materials and responding to local conditions.

Indo-Dravidian architecture represents a synthesis of North Indian Nagara and South Indian Dravidian styles, incorporating elements like stepped pyramidal towers and intricate carvings, often found in regions with cultural exchange.

Indo-Dutch architecture blends Dutch colonial elements with indigenous Indian styles, often featuring European facades adapted to the local climate and incorporating Indian materials and craftsmanship.

The Indo-Eclectic style, seen at Belur Math, blends Hindu, Islamic, Christian, and other motifs, reflecting a syncretic approach to design and incorporating diverse architectural elements into a unified structure.

Indo-European Colonial architecture represents a hybrid style blending European architectural forms with Indian materials and craftsmanship, often seen in administrative buildings and residences during the colonial period.

This style represents a fusion of European military architectural principles with Indian materials and regional adaptations, particularly seen in British colonial fortifications using locally sourced laterite.

This style represents a fusion of European colonial military engineering with indigenous Indian building practices, often incorporating local materials and adapting to the regional climate and terrain.

A hybrid style combining French Renaissance architectural features with Indian design sensibilities, often seen in palaces and public buildings during the colonial era, characterized by symmetrical facades and arched windows.

Indo-Gothic architecture blends Gothic Revival elements with Indian architectural features, often seen in colonial-era structures, incorporating pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and Indian motifs.

Indo-Greek architecture represents the fusion of Greek and Indian architectural elements, primarily seen in the structures built during the Indo-Greek kingdom, incorporating Hellenistic designs with local materials.

Indo-Gujarati architecture, influenced by Gujarat's regional styles, features intricate carvings, toranas (gateways), and stepped tanks, often incorporating elements from Maru-Gurjara and other local traditions.

A hybrid style blending traditional Indian temple architectural principles with elements of Gulf merchant architecture, reflecting the cultural context of its location.

A fusion style blending Hellenistic forms with Indic artistic and religious elements, particularly evident in Gandhara and Northwest India, showcasing syncretic cultural exchange.

Characterized by Dravida and Nagara influences, this style features temples with mandapas, gopurams, and intricate carvings, reflecting the integration of Hindu traditions within Polonnaruwa's urban fabric.

Indo-Industrial architecture represents a fusion of Indian architectural elements with industrial materials and construction techniques, often seen in diaspora temples adapting existing structures.

A synthesis of Indian and Islamic architectural elements, characterized by the incorporation of arches, domes, and geometric patterns alongside indigenous decorative motifs and construction techniques.

Indo-Javanese architecture represents a fusion of Indian architectural traditions, particularly Hindu and Buddhist, with indigenous Javanese elements, resulting in unique temple complexes.

This style blends traditional Kerala architectural elements, such as sloping roofs and intricate woodwork, with broader Indian temple design principles.

A synthesis of Indian architectural principles, particularly Nagara and Dravida influences, with indigenous Khmer traditions, resulting in unique temple forms and decorative motifs in Southeast Asia.

This style represents a fusion of Indian temple architectural elements with pre-Islamic Central Asian Khorezmian traditions, reflecting cultural exchange and adaptation in the region.

A synthesis of Khorezmian palatial design with Indic Hindu iconographic elements, reflecting cultural exchange along the Silk Road during the early centuries CE.

A fusion style blending traditional Indian architectural principles with modern materials, construction techniques, and spatial concepts, often seen in contemporary Indian diaspora projects.

A syncretic style blending Indian and Persian elements, characterized by the use of arches, domes, intricate ornamentation, and gardens, often seen in palaces, forts, and tombs during the Mughal era.

A regional adaptation of Nagara architecture, incorporating local materials and vernacular elements, while retaining core Nagara features like the shikhara, though often simplified.

A hybrid style blending European Neoclassical forms with Indic architectural elements, often seen in 19th-century colonial and post-colonial structures across India. It incorporates classical orders with indigenous decorative motifs.

This style blends Nepalese pagoda traditions with local Indian elements, characterized by tiered roofs, extensive woodwork, and ornate detailing, often seen in Himalayan and Northeast Indian temple architecture.

A hybrid style blending Parthian architectural forms with Indic religious and cosmological concepts, likely manifesting in sanctuary design and ritual spaces in regions influenced by both cultures.

A fusion style combining Indian craftsmanship and materials with Persian design principles, characterized by symmetry, geometric patterns, and the use of water features.

A hybrid style blending Indian and Portuguese architectural elements, often seen in Goa, characterized by laterite stone construction and European Baroque influences adapted to the Indian climate and context.

A hybrid style blending Indian military traditions with Portuguese colonial elements, often seen in fortifications and coastal defenses, incorporating local materials and adapting to the Indian climate.

A 19th-century style blending Indian, Islamic, and European elements, potentially influencing details through British Raj presence, though likely subtle in this context.

A 19th-century British architectural style blending European colonial designs with indigenous Indian elements, Mughal arches, chattris, and jalis, often employing red sandstone and incorporating local craftsmanship.

A fusion style blending Scottish Baronial architecture with Indian elements, often seen in palaces and public buildings during the British colonial period, characterized by turrets, battlements, and arched windows.

This style represents a fusion of Sogdian defensive architecture with Indic solar worship traditions, potentially incorporating elements of fire temple design and construction techniques from both regions.

Indo-Southeast Asian architecture represents the fusion of Indian architectural principles with indigenous Southeast Asian styles, evident in temple layouts, ornamentation, and the adaptation of Indian iconography.

A syncretic style blending Indian Buddhist architectural principles with indigenous Sri Lankan traditions, often incorporating elements from other regional styles like Thai and Chinese.

A synthesis of Indian Buddhist, Tibetan, Newar, and potentially Chinese Tang architectural elements, reflecting cultural exchange across the Himalayas and the transmission of Buddhist traditions.

A synthesis of Indian Buddhist monastic design, particularly from the Nalanda tradition, with Tibetan building practices, evident in Drepung Monastery's layout and scholastic spaces.

An architectural fusion combining Tudor Revival elements with Indic temple design principles, reflecting adaptive reuse for a Gaudiya Vaishnava temple complex in a Western setting.

An architectural style that incorporates Tudor architectural elements into Indian buildings, popular during the British Raj, featuring steeply pitched roofs, gables, and decorative half-timbering.

Indo-Vernacular architecture blends indigenous Indian building traditions with local materials and techniques, often incorporating influences from colonial styles to create unique regional expressions.

A hybrid style blending Victorian-era architectural elements with Indian motifs and construction techniques, often seen in colonial-era buildings adapted for new uses.

A hybrid style blending Indian sensibilities with European Neoclassical forms, often incorporating local materials and decorative motifs within a Western-derived framework.

This style represents a fusion of Indian religious and cosmological concepts with Zoroastrian architectural traditions, particularly evident in fire temple designs during the Iron Age.

Indus Valley Civilization architecture, characterized by advanced urban planning, standardized brick construction, and sophisticated drainage systems, flourished in the Bronze Age along the Indus River.

While specific temple structures are debated, the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300-1700 BCE) shows evidence of ritual spaces and proto-Hindu religious practices, influencing later Indic traditions.

Encompassing a diverse range of styles across Iranian history, known for its emphasis on geometric patterns, monumental scale, and the use of materials like brick and stucco.

Temples from the Iron Age, reflecting early religious practices and cosmological understandings, often exhibit simple designs and locally sourced materials.

A contemporary style developed by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), blending traditional Hindu temple architecture with modern materials and construction techniques to create spaces for devotional practice and community engagement.

Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of religious and secular styles developed throughout the Islamic world, characterized by features such as arches, domes, minarets, and geometric ornamentation.

Characterized by symmetry, proportion, and classical orders, this European style emphasizes balance and harmony, often featuring domes, arches, and decorative elements inspired by ancient Rome.

Jain architecture emphasizes non-violence and harmony with nature, often featuring intricate carvings of Tirthankaras, serene meditative spaces, and the use of white marble.

Jain temple architecture emphasizes geometric precision, intricate carvings, and the use of white marble to create serene and spiritually uplifting spaces for Tirthankara worship.

Jaina architecture, found across India, emphasizes intricate carvings, multi-story structures, and the use of white marble, often dedicated to the Tirthankaras.

Jaisalmer architecture, specific to the Jaisalmer region of Rajasthan, is defined by its use of yellow sandstone, intricate carvings, and adaptation to the desert environment, often incorporating elements of Rajput and local building traditions.

Characterized by enclosed overhanging balconies, often ornately decorated, projecting from the wall of a building, primarily in Rajasthan and used for ventilation and viewing.

A distinct Bengali temple style where two hut-shaped structures (Bangla) are joined to form a single building, often characterized by a ridge connecting the two roofs.

Characterized by its unique Kadamba Shikara, a stepped pyramidal tower, and influences from both Dravidian and Chalukya styles, primarily using stone.

A regional variant of South Indian temple architecture, known for its stepped pyramidal shikharas and intricate carvings, prevalent during the Kadamba and Chalukya dynasties.

The Kadamba-Yadava style, a regional variant of Nagara architecture, flourished in Goa and neighboring regions, characterized by its stepped pyramidal tower (kadamba shikhara) and incorporation of Chalukyan and Hoysala influences.

Kakatiya architecture, originating in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, is characterized by its unique blend of Dravida and Nagara styles, intricate sculptural details, and the use of sandstone and granite in temple construction.

Kali temples often feature vibrant colors, fierce imagery, and a powerful atmosphere, reflecting the goddess's dynamic energy and role as a protector and destroyer, with unique regional variations.

A sub-style of Nagara architecture prominent in ancient Kalinga (modern Odisha), characterized by its distinctive rekha deula, pidha deula, and khakhara deula temple forms, often dedicated to Shiva and Shakti.

A regional variant of Nagara architecture originating in ancient Kalinga (modern Odisha), characterized by distinctive curvilinear rekha deul shikharas and intricate sculptural ornamentation, often incorporating chlorite and sandstone.

The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple exemplifies the Nagara style, characterized by its curvilinear shikhara, intricate carvings, and raised platform, originating in North India and prominent in Hindu temple construction.

Kandyan architecture, originating in the Kandyan Kingdom of Sri Lanka, blends indigenous traditions with South Indian influences, particularly Dravidian, and is characterized by its use of timber and intricate carvings.

Karnata Dravida architecture, a regional variant of Dravida architecture, flourished in Karnataka, characterized by its distinctive stepped pyramidal towers and intricate sculptural details.

Karnataka Dravida architecture represents a regional variant of Dravida architecture, distinguished by its unique adaptations and innovations within the broader Dravidian idiom, particularly in temple construction.

Kashmiri architecture, originating in the Kashmir region, is characterized by its unique synthesis of indigenous building traditions with influences from neighboring regions, often featuring pagoda-like wooden structures and the use of local materials.

Characterized by its distinct roof forms and use of local materials, this style flourished in the Kashmir region and is evident in the temple's structure.

Characterized by its distinct pyramidal roof, trefoil arches, and often incorporating Gandharan and Gupta influences, this style flourished in the Kashmir region.

Kashmiri temple architecture, originating in the Kashmir region, is characterized by its distinctive pyramidal roofs, trefoil arches, and a synthesis of Gupta, Gandharan, and regional influences.

Kath-Khuni is a vernacular Himalayan style characterized by interlocking timber and stone construction, prevalent in Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, showcasing regional adaptation to seismic activity and climate.

Kath-Kuni is a vernacular Himalayan style employing interlocking timber and stone, prevalent in Himachal Pradesh, showcasing indigenous building techniques adapted to the region's climate and resources.

Reflecting the patronage of the Katyuri dynasty, this style blends Nagara elements with regional Kumaoni vernacular traditions, utilizing local stone and construction techniques.

Characterized by sloping roofs, gabled windows, and the use of locally sourced materials like laterite and wood, Kerala architecture reflects the region's climate and cultural traditions.

Kerala Dravida architecture, originating in Kerala, India, features distinctive sloping roofs, gabled structures, and ornate detailing, often incorporating locally sourced materials and responding to the region's climate and cultural context.

Characterized by the extensive use of laterite stone, this style is indigenous to Kerala, known for its durability and adaptability to the region's climate and terrain.

Nālukettu is a traditional Kerala courtyard house style, characterized by its rectangular layout, central open courtyard (nālam), and sloped roofs, reflecting the region's climate and vernacular building practices.

Characterized by its unique adaptation of Dravidian principles within the Kerala region, featuring sloping roofs, intricate woodwork, and a harmonious integration with the natural landscape.

Khas Malla architecture, prevalent in western Nepal, blends indigenous Himalayan traditions with influences from the Indian subcontinent, featuring stone and wood construction.

Characterized by indigenous building techniques and materials, Khasi architecture often features structures adapted to the hilly terrain, utilizing wood, bamboo, and stone, reflecting the unique cultural heritage of the Khasi people.

Characterized by indigenous building practices in Meghalaya, this style emphasizes nature-based materials, sloped roofs suited to the region's climate, and traditional timber construction techniques reflecting Khasi cultural heritage.

The Angkor Wat style, prominent in Southeast Asia, is characterized by its grand scale, intricate bas-reliefs, and cruciform galleries, reflecting Hindu cosmology and state power.

Khmer architecture, prevalent in Southeast Asia, showcases intricate carvings, towering prasats, and barays, reflecting a blend of Hindu-Buddhist cosmology and royal power.

The Baphuon style, a precursor to Angkor Wat, features monumental stepped pyramids, intricate carvings, and a focus on Mount Meru symbolism within a Hindu context.

A Southeast Asian style blending Indic cosmological principles with local Khmer craftsmanship, characterized by towering prasats (temple towers), intricate bas-reliefs depicting Hindu epics, and extensive use of sandstone.

This style reflects Nagara architectural principles adapted within Khmer temple design, showcasing influences from Indian cosmological principles and iconography.

A Southeast Asian temple tower style, the Prang, derived from the Indian Shikhara, is characterized by its corncob-like shape and is often constructed of brick or laterite.

Khmer temple architecture, prevalent in Southeast Asia, showcases intricate carvings, towering prasats (towers), and elaborate moats, reflecting Hindu-Buddhist cosmology and royal power.

A synthesis of Khmer temple design principles with Nagara architectural elements, evident in structures like Banteay Samre, showcasing Indian influence on Southeast Asian temple construction.

Khorezmian fortresses, exemplified by Ayaz-Kala, showcase robust mud-brick construction and strategic placement, reflecting the region's historical context and defensive needs.

Characterized by fortified structures, monumental scale, and elaborate decoration, reflecting the power and wealth of the Khorezmian rulers in Central Asia.

Koch architecture, prevalent in the Assam and Bengal regions, showcases a synthesis of indigenous building practices with influences from neighboring cultures, often featuring distinctive roof structures and decorative motifs.

Integration of Nagara architectural features with the distinct artistic and construction techniques of the Koch dynasty in Bengal and Northeast India.

A regional Mithila variant of architecture enriched by Mughal and Rajput influences, characterized by its unique blend of indigenous and imported styles.

Konkani temple architecture, specific to the Konkan coast, blends indigenous traditions with regional adaptations, often featuring distinctive sloping roofs and intricate woodwork.

Koothambalam architecture, unique to Kerala, is a temple theatre designed for performing arts, characterized by its wooden structure and intricate carvings, often found within temple complexes.

A regional style influenced by Indian administrative practices and Buddhist traditions, evident in the urban planning and religious structures of the Kroraina Kingdom.

Kumaoni architecture, originating in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, India, features distinctive adaptations of Nagara traditions with local materials like stone and wood, reflecting the Himalayan environment and vernacular building practices.

A synthesis of Central Asian, Indian, and Hellenistic traditions, this style is known for its urban planning, religious structures, and artistic innovations during the Kushan Empire.

Kushan Buddhist architecture, flourishing from the 1st to 5th centuries CE, blended Gandharan, Central Asian, and Indian elements, characterized by stupas, monasteries, and rock-cut caves, reflecting syncretic artistic and religious traditions.

This style represents a fusion of Nagara architectural principles from India with Kushan Empire influences, potentially incorporating Central Asian and Hellenistic elements in its design and construction.

Kushan-Gandharan architecture, flourishing from the 1st to 5th centuries CE in the Gandhara region, blends Indian, Hellenistic, and Central Asian elements, notably in Buddhist monasteries and stupas, often using stucco and schist.

Evolving under the Kushana dynasty, this style features monastic complexes and stupas, integrating Central Asian and Indian elements with influences from the Gandhara region.

Lakshmi-Narayana temples are dedicated to the dual worship of Lakshmi and Narayana (Vishnu), often featuring iconography representing their combined form and associated symbolism.

Late Chalukya architecture, prevalent in the Deccan region, blends Nagara and Dravida styles, showcasing ornate pillars, intricate carvings, and stellate temple plans, often patronized by the Western Chalukya dynasty.

Characterized by restrained ornamentation, flat-roofed mandapas, and the emergence of the shikhara, this style represents a transitional phase in North Indian temple architecture during the Gupta era.

Hindu temple architecture during the late medieval period (13th-18th centuries CE) reflecting regional variations and incorporating influences from preceding styles and sometimes Islamic architectural elements.

This style reflects temple building traditions in North India during the late medieval period, incorporating regional variations and influences from contemporary political and cultural interactions.

This style, prevalent during the decline of the Mughal empire, integrates Mughal aesthetics with defensive military structures, often incorporating local Rajput and regional vernacular elements for fortification and strategic advantage.

Later Chola architecture, an evolution of Dravidian style, is characterized by taller vimanas, more elaborate gopurams, and a greater emphasis on sculptural detail, reflecting the empire's wealth and power.

This Nagara style, influenced by the Somavamshi dynasty, features a curvilinear shikhara and a focus on the sanctum, reflecting regional adaptations within the broader Nagara tradition.

Latina style, a sub-style of Nagara architecture, features a single, prominent shikhara (tower) without clustering, emphasizing verticality and often adorned with intricate carvings.

A subtype of Nagara architecture characterized by a single, prominent curvilinear shikhara (tower) known as Latina, often found in North and Central Indian temples from the medieval period.

Characterized by the use of locally available materials and techniques, adapted to the climate and cultural context of Bihar.

Architectural style featuring domes shaped like lotus flowers, often symbolizing purity, enlightenment, and spiritual awakening, and used in various religious and secular contexts.

Characterized by towering gopurams adorned with vibrant stucco figures, expansive temple complexes, and a focus on the divine marriage of Meenakshi and Sundareswarar, reflecting Pandya and Nayaka influences.

Characterized by towering gopurams, intricate stucco work, and expansive mandapas, this style flourished under the Nayak rulers of Madurai, representing a late phase of Dravidian temple building.

Malaysian Hindu temple architecture blends Dravida and local influences, adapting traditional forms to the Malaysian context with unique decorative elements and materials.

Malwa architecture, prevalent in Madhya Pradesh, showcases a blend of regional and imperial styles, often featuring sandstone construction, arched entrances, and decorative brackets in temples and palaces.

A regional style blending Delhi Sultanate influences with local traditions, known for its robust construction, use of local materials, and integration of Hindu and Islamic motifs.

A symbolic representation of the cosmos, employed in the planning of sacred spaces and structures, reflecting Indic cosmological principles and guiding spiritual practice.

Architectural designs rooted in the mandala, a symbolic diagram representing the cosmos, influencing layout and spatial organization in sacred structures.

Mandapas are pillared halls or pavilions, often found in Indian temples, serving as assembly areas for devotees or spaces for ritual performances and housing deities.

Mandapams are pillared outdoor halls, often open-air, used for gatherings, rituals, and ceremonies within Hindu temple complexes, serving as transitional spaces and community areas.

Hindu temple architecture in Manipur blends indigenous Meitei traditions with pan-Indian Hindu styles, reflecting the region's unique cultural synthesis and religious practices.

This style represents a regional adaptation of Nagara architecture, incorporating indigenous Meitei elements and Ahom influences, characterized by a curvilinear tower and porch within a Hindu temple context.

Characterized by timber-framed structures and thatched roofs, this style reflects the traditional building practices of the Meitei people in Manipur, often incorporating local materials like bamboo and timber.

Characterized by a blend of indigenous and Mughal styles, Maratha architecture is known for its temples, forts, and palaces, often featuring intricate woodwork, arched gateways, and fortified walls.

Characterized by robust defensive structures, strategic placement, and adaptation to the local terrain, often incorporating watchtowers, fortified gateways, and water management systems.

Maratha fortifications, originating in Maharashtra, are characterized by robust stone construction, strategic placement on hills or coastal areas, and features designed for defense, reflecting the region's history of conflict and resilience.

Characterized by robust fortifications, strategic placement, and adaptation to the local terrain, reflecting the Maratha Empire's emphasis on defensive strength and regional control.

Characterized by its robust construction, use of stone, and incorporation of elements from both Nagara and Dravida traditions, reflecting the Maratha Empire's diverse cultural influences.

This style reflects the regional building traditions of the Maratha Empire, incorporating local materials and techniques adapted to the climate and terrain of Maharashtra.

Architectural adaptations designed for coastal environments, considering factors like salinity, storms, and maritime trade influences, often incorporating nautical motifs.

Maritime Silk Road architecture represents the exchange of architectural ideas and techniques along maritime trade routes, blending indigenous styles with influences from various cultures, including Indian, Southeast Asian, and Chinese.

A regional Nagara variant from Gujarat and Rajasthan, distinguished by its intricately carved exteriors, stepped tankas (reservoirs), and elaborate toranas (gateways), flourishing under the Solanki and related dynasties.

Māru-Gurjara architecture, originating in Rajasthan and Gujarat, is characterized by its ornate carvings, intricate detailing, and stepped-tank designs, often employing light-colored sandstone.

This style, prominent in Gujarat and Rajasthan, blends Maru-Gurjara temple architecture with regional haveli traditions, showcasing intricate carvings, courtyards, and locally sourced materials, reflecting the region's unique cultural and artistic heritage.

Emanating from the Marwar region of Rajasthan, this style showcases local building traditions, sandstone carving techniques, and adaptations to the arid climate.

Marked by monumental structures, polished pillars, and rock-cut caves, this style reflects early imperial patronage and Buddhist influences, utilizing sandstone and brick.

Characterized by monumental structures, polished sandstone pillars bearing edicts, and early stupas, reflecting the patronage of Emperor Ashoka and the spread of Buddhism.

Encompasses diverse regional Hindu temple styles that flourished during the medieval period in India, reflecting varied dynastic patronage and local artistic traditions.

Involving the construction of structures using large stones, often erected as monuments or for ritualistic purposes, megalithic architecture is found worldwide, including diverse regions of India, reflecting ancient cultural practices.

Meitei architecture, originating in Manipur, is characterized by its vernacular adaptations, often incorporating timber construction, thatched roofs, and indigenous construction techniques reflecting the region's unique cultural and environmental context.

Characterized by defensive structures designed for strategic advantage, incorporating features like fortified walls, bastions, and gatehouses to protect against attack.

Vernacular architecture of Mizoram reflects local materials, climate, and cultural traditions, often incorporating bamboo and wood in its construction.

A contemporary interpretation of Dravidian temple architecture, characterized by towering gopurams and incorporating modern materials and construction techniques while adhering to traditional principles.

Modern Hindu architecture integrates traditional Indic principles with contemporary design, materials, and construction techniques, often reflecting regional adaptations and code compliance requirements.

This style reflects contemporary design principles applied to Hindu temple construction, often incorporating modern materials and engineering while adhering to Vastu Shastra guidelines.

Modern Indian temple architecture blends traditional Indic principles with contemporary materials and construction techniques, often adapting to urban contexts and diaspora communities.

Characterized by functional design, efficient space utilization, and contemporary materials like steel and glass, this style is commonly employed for institutional buildings, prioritizing accessibility and sustainability.

Monastery architecture encompasses structures designed for religious communities, featuring living quarters, assembly halls, and sacred spaces, adapted to diverse climates and religious practices globally.

Temple design embodying the sacred Mount Meru cosmology, often manifested as a stepped pyramid or terraced structure, symbolizing the axis mundi and the connection between earthly and divine realms.

Mountain temples, found across Indic regions, are designed to represent sacred mountains like Mount Meru, often featuring elevated platforms and symbolic layouts reflecting Hindu cosmology.

Characterized by Persian, Islamic, and Indian elements, Mughal architecture features symmetrical layouts, bulbous domes, intricate ornamentation, and extensive use of gardens and water features, often in red sandstone and white marble.

Characterized by massive walls, elaborate gateways, and strategic layouts, this style reflects the Mughal empire's military power and architectural grandeur, sometimes influencing later structures.

A syncretic style blending Mughal imperial grandeur with Rajput regional aesthetics, characterized by intricate ornamentation, use of red sandstone, cusped arches, chhatris, and jharokhas, often seen in palaces and temples.

Murugan temple architecture, a subset of Dravida style, is dedicated to the deity Murugan (Skanda), often featuring unique iconographic elements and regional variations in design and ornamentation.

A regional style developed under the Wodeyar and Mysore Sultanate rulers, blending Hindu-Dravidian and Indo-Islamic elements with a focus on practicality and local materials.

Characterized by indigenous building techniques, communal spaces, symbolic wood carvings, and adaptation to the hilly terrain of Nagaland, reflecting the unique cultural identity of the Naga tribes.

Characterized by the use of locally sourced materials such as wood, bamboo, and thatch, Naga vernacular architecture reflects the indigenous building traditions of the Naga tribes.

Canonical example of North Indian Hindu temple design with towering curvilinear shikharas, sculpted mandapas, and axial sanctum planning refined during the medieval period across the Ganga plains and western India.

A hybrid style blending Nagara shikhara elements with Bagan's distinct temple architecture, often incorporating Hindu guardian deities within a Buddhist context, reflecting Indic cosmological planning.

A syncretic style blending Nagara architectural elements from India with local Bagan traditions, evident in the stupa's superstructure and decorative motifs, reflecting cultural exchange and adaptation.

This style represents an eclectic fusion of Nagara, Bengali, Assamese, and Orissan temple architectural elements, reflecting a synthesis of regional influences within a Hindu sacred context.

This style represents a synthesis of Nagara temple architecture with local Chhattisgarhi vernacular traditions, potentially incorporating regional materials and construction techniques.

This style represents a syncretic blend of Nagara and Dravida architectural traditions, combining elements from northern and southern India in a unique temple design.

A syncretic style blending elements of both Nagara and Dravida architectural traditions, often seen in regions where the two styles interacted, resulting in unique hybrid forms.

Featuring Nagara architectural influences, this style likely incorporates elements such as curvilinear shikhara towers or planimetric layouts characteristic of North Indian temple design, adapted to local materials and traditions.

This style represents a regional interpretation of the Nagara style, incorporating local Bagan architectural elements while drawing inspiration from the Mahabodhi Temple's design and layout.

This style reflects Nagara architectural principles adapted for cave temples in the Bagan region, incorporating Hindu iconography and rock-cut construction techniques.

This style incorporates elements of the Nagara style, characterized by its curvilinear shikhara (tower) and cruciform ground plan, adapted to the specific context of the temple.

Khmer temple architecture incorporating Nagara elements, evident in tower-like structures, vertical emphasis, and possibly curvilinear forms, reflecting Indian cosmological influences adapted to local Khmer traditions.

Phnom Bakheng exhibits a Khmer interpretation of Nagara architecture, incorporating a stepped pyramid structure to represent Mount Meru, reflecting Indian cosmological planning and Shaiva influences.

A pagoda style showing influence from the Nagara style of North India, possibly through trade routes and transmission of Buddhist architectural forms.

This style blends Nagara's northern Indian temple traditions with Kalinga's distinctive Orissan features, often characterized by curvilinear shikharas and intricate carvings, reflecting regional adaptations of pan-Indian norms.

A hybrid style blending Nagara's curvilinear towers with Khmer's temple complexes, often featuring brick construction and Hindu-Buddhist syncretism.

This style represents a fusion of Nagara architectural principles with Pala artistic influences, evident in its curvilinear shikhara and refined sculptural details, originating from the eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent.

Characterized by its monastic universities, Nalanda architecture emphasizes structured learning spaces, residential quarters, and communal areas, influencing Buddhist institutions across Asia.

Nalanda Monastery architecture, originating in Bihar, India, features a structured layout emphasizing monastic learning, debate halls, and residential quarters, often constructed with brick and incorporating courtyards for communal activities.

The Navaratna style, prominent in Bengal, is characterized by its nine spires (ratnas) atop a curved roof, often seen in temples and other religious structures.

A sub-style of Bengali temple architecture featuring a nine-towered (nine-pinnacled) superstructure, often adorned with terracotta and brickwork, reflecting regional adaptations of broader Hindu temple forms.

The Nayak style, prominent in Tamil Nadu, is characterized by its multi-story structures, blending Dravidian elements with influences from Vijayanagara and local traditions, often utilizing brick and stone.

Flourishing in Tamil Nadu, the Nayaka style, an extension of Vijayanagara, is characterized by towering gopurams, long corridors, and mandapas with intricately carved pillars, often in temple complexes.

A style that adapts classical architectural forms, often incorporating elements of symmetry, proportion, and ornamentation inspired by ancient Greek and Roman designs.

Characterized by symmetry, proportion, and the use of classical orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian), often seen in colonial-era buildings across India.

Early agrarian settlements featuring mud-brick structures and communal spaces, reflecting a transition to settled agricultural lifestyles.

Characterized by tiered roofs, intricate woodwork, and a square or rectangular plan, this style is prominent in Nepal and has influenced architecture in surrounding regions.

Characterized by multi-tiered roofs and intricate woodwork, this style is prominent in Nepal and has influenced architecture in neighboring regions.

Characterized by tiered roofs, intricate wood carvings, and pagoda-style structures, this style from the Kathmandu Valley significantly influenced Tibetan architecture.

Characterized by intricate wood carvings, multi-tiered roofs, and the use of brick, this style from the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal showcases exceptional craftsmanship and religious symbolism.

The Nilachal style, unique to the Kamakhya Temple and its surroundings in Assam, showcases a tiered structure reflecting local adaptations and Tantric influences, blending indigenous building practices with regional aesthetics.

North American institutional architecture often prioritizes functionality, accessibility, and community engagement, typically featuring large open spaces, durable materials, and energy-efficient designs.

A broad classification encompassing various temple styles prevalent in Northern India, typically featuring Nagara-style shikharas, mandapas, and intricate carvings, reflecting diverse regional and dynastic influences.

Characterized by the use of locally sourced materials like bamboo and wood, this style adapts to the region's climate and cultural practices, often featuring elevated structures and sloping roofs.

Characterized by climate-responsive designs using locally available materials like bamboo, wood, and thatch, this style reflects the diverse cultural and environmental contexts of Northeast India.

Octagonal temple architecture features an eight-sided plan for the sanctum or the entire structure, a relatively uncommon but significant variation found across different Indian temple styles.

Odantapuri architecture, originating from the Odantapuri Mahavihara in Bihar, India, is characterized by its monastic layout and served as a model for early Tibetan Buddhist monasteries.

Orissan architecture, a regional variant of Nagara, features distinctive curvilinear rekha deul shikharas, jagamohana (assembly halls), and intricate carvings, with subtle influences seen in Assam.

Kalinga architecture, originating from Odisha, features distinctive curvilinear rekha deula (shikhara) and intricate carvings, often dedicated to Hindu deities.

A regional variant of Nagara, Orissan architecture is distinguished by its curvilinear rekha deul (tower), jagamohana (assembly hall), and intricate sculptural ornamentation, often dedicated to deities like Jagannath and Shiva.

Characterized by its curvilinear shikhara (tower), jagamohana (assembly hall), and intricate carvings, this style flourished in Odisha and influenced temple construction in neighboring regions.

Pagoda architecture, characterized by tiered towers with multiple eaves, originated in East Asia and spread through Buddhist influence, often serving as reliquaries or sacred monuments.

Pahadi architecture, originating in the Himalayan regions, is characterized by its adaptation to mountainous terrain, use of local materials like wood and stone, and distinctive pagoda-like or pent-roofed structures.

Vernacular style of temple architecture prevalent in the Himalayan regions, particularly Himachal Pradesh, characterized by pagoda-like tiered roofs, intricate woodwork, and a blend of Hindu and local traditions.

Emerged in the Bengal and Bihar regions of India, characterized by its influence on Buddhist art and architecture, particularly in the design of monasteries and the use of terracotta and stone.

Eastern Indian architectural style flourishing under the Pala and Sena dynasties, known for its distinctive curvilinear rooflines, refined stucco work, and integration of Buddhist and Hindu iconography.

A synthesis of Pala architectural elements from eastern India with Tibetan Buddhist building traditions, characterized by monastic layouts and artistic motifs reflecting both Indic and Himalayan influences.

Palatial architecture denotes grand residences of rulers or nobility, characterized by spacious layouts, ornate decoration, and incorporation of elements reflecting power, wealth, and cultural influences of the region.

Pallava architecture, a formative style in South India, is known for its rock-cut cave temples, monolithic rathas, and early structural temples, marking a transition in Dravidian temple design.

This style encompasses the fundamental elements and principles common to Hindu temple architecture across the Indian subcontinent, reflecting shared religious beliefs and symbolic representations.

Panch Kedara architecture, specific to the Kedarnath region, features stone construction adapted to the Himalayan climate and dedicated to Lord Shiva, forming a crucial pilgrimage circuit.

Pancharatha style refers to a temple plan with five vertical projections (rathas) on each side of the structure, enhancing its visual complexity and sculptural potential.

A Nagara sub-style where the temple plan features five vertical projections or 'rathas' on each side, creating a complex and visually rich facade.

Pancharatna architecture, common in Bengal temples, is characterized by five ratnas or towers crowning the structure, symbolizing a heightened spiritual significance.

Pancharatra Agama architecture, rooted in Vaishnava traditions, emphasizes precise iconometry, ritualistic layouts, and symbolic representations of deities within temple complexes, guiding construction and worship.

Pancharatra architecture adheres to the Pancharatra Agama, a Vaishnava tradition, emphasizing specific layouts, iconography, and ritual spaces within the temple complex.

Panchayatana architecture features a central shrine surrounded by four subsidiary shrines, dedicated to different deities, though this arrangement may not be strictly adhered to at the site.

Panchayatana is an architectural layout where the main shrine is surrounded by four subsidiary shrines, a feature integrated within the Nagara style, as seen in Kandariya Mahadeva Temple.

Pandya architecture, another Dravida sub-style, features towering gopurams, intricate carvings, and a focus on elaborate ornamentation, showcasing the artistic achievements of the Pandya dynasty.

Characterized by its distinct architectural features developed within the Parthian Empire, often incorporating elements of Hellenistic and Iranian traditions in its structures and designs.

Pavilion architecture refers to open or semi-open structures used for ceremonial, recreational, or residential purposes, often incorporating elements from local and regional styles.

Persian architecture, known for its intricate geometric patterns, use of glazed tiles, and grand scale, influenced many architectural styles across the Islamic world and India.

Characterized by its geometric layouts, water features, and integration with architecture, reflecting a paradise-like vision and often associated with palaces and royal complexes.

Pilgrimage architecture encompasses the design and planning of sacred sites to accommodate and facilitate the needs of pilgrims, including lodging, dining, and ritual spaces.

Transitional phase in Indian architecture following the Gupta period, characterized by evolving temple forms, regional variations, and the emergence of distinct styles like Nagara and Dravida across the subcontinent.

Characterized by regional adaptations of Gupta-era forms, this style in Bengal saw increased use of brick and terracotta, often featuring curvilinear rooflines and elaborate ornamentation.

Postmodern architecture is characterized by its eclectic mix of styles, playful ornamentation, and rejection of strict functionalism, often incorporating historical references in a contemporary context.

Prairie architecture, originating in the American Midwest and Canadian Prairies, emphasizes horizontal lines, open floor plans, and integration with the surrounding landscape, often using local materials.

Prasat architecture, common in Southeast Asia, denotes temple towers or sanctuaries, often constructed from brick or sandstone and adorned with intricate carvings and stucco ornamentation.

Punjabi architecture blends indigenous traditions with influences from neighboring regions, characterized by its use of brick, intricate woodwork, and distinctive rooflines, reflecting the region's cultural syncretism.

A Victorian-era style characterized by asymmetrical facades, elaborate ornamentation, and a variety of materials, often featuring towers, turrets, and bay windows.

Queensland Vernacular architecture adapts traditional building techniques to the local climate and available materials, often featuring timber framing, elevated structures, and designs resilient to cyclones and floods.

The Qutb Shahi style, flourishing in the Deccan, blends Persian and Indian forms, characterized by grand arches, intricate stucco work, and the incorporation of local materials.

Raja Gopurams are monumental tower gateways, a defining feature of South Indian temples, characterized by their towering height, pyramidal shape, and elaborate stucco ornamentation depicting deities and mythological scenes.

Rajagopurams are monumental gateway towers, a defining feature of South Indian temples, adorned with elaborate sculptures and vibrant colors, serving as prominent landmarks and entry points.

Rajasthani architecture, originating from Rajasthan, India, is known for its forts, palaces, and temples featuring intricate carvings, jharokhas (enclosed balconies), chattris (domed pavilions), and the use of sandstone.

Characterized by ornate facades, jharokhas, and intricate carvings, this style reflects the region's rich cultural heritage and the patronage of merchant communities, often incorporating elements of Rajput and Mughal aesthetics.

Rajasthani Jain architecture showcases regional adaptations of pan-Indian temple building traditions, often featuring white marble and intricate carvings specific to the region.

Rajasthani Military architecture, originating from Rajasthan, is characterized by its robust fortifications, intricate gateways, and strategic placement on elevated terrain, reflecting the region's martial history.

Characterized by intricate carvings, use of sandstone, and often incorporating elements of Jain architecture, Rajasthani temple architecture reflects the region's rich artistic heritage and diverse religious influences.

Characterized by adaptation to the arid climate, Rajasthani vernacular architecture utilizes locally sourced materials like sandstone and incorporates features such as jharokhas, chhatris, and courtyards for thermal comfort and aesthetic expression.

Evolved in Rajasthan, Rajput architecture blends indigenous Indian traditions with influences from Mughal and other regional styles, known for its forts, palaces, and temples featuring jharokhas, chhatris, and intricate carvings.

Evolved to defend against invaders, featuring high defensive walls, strategic gateways, and elevated citadels, often incorporating intricate carvings and decorative elements reflecting Rajput artistry.

A syncretic style blending Rajput and Mughal elements, characterized by ornate details, courtyards, and a fusion of indigenous and Islamic aesthetics, prevalent in North and Central India.

A synthesis of Rajput military architecture with Mughal influences, characterized by defensive structures incorporating decorative elements and adapting to the Himalayan terrain.

Evolved in the Rajput kingdoms, this style blends indigenous traditions with influences from Mughal and other regional styles, known for its fortresses, palaces, and Havelis.

The Rashtrakuta style, flourishing under the Rashtrakuta dynasty (8th-10th centuries CE) in the Deccan region, is characterized by its ambitious rock-cut cave temples and monolithic structures, showcasing a synthesis of Dravidian and Nagara influences.

Ratha architecture refers to temples or structures designed to resemble chariots, often monolithic and carved from a single rock, symbolizing a deity's vehicle and power.

A distinctive temple style featuring one or more 'ratnas' or spires, often seen in Bengal, where the number of spires (eka, pancha, nava) denotes variations in design and complexity.

Characterized by the use of local materials like laterite stone and red tiles, reflecting the climate and cultural influences of the Goan region.

A localized variant of Mughal architecture, blending Persian, Timurid, and indigenous Indian elements, particularly evident in structures built during the early Mughal period before the consolidation of imperial styles.

Characterized by a blend of influences reflecting the region's diverse history, Punjabi architecture often incorporates elements of Mughal, Sikh, and British styles, with a focus on functionality and adaptation to the local climate.

Earthen construction techniques and local materials adapted to Haryana's climate and cultural context, often featuring courtyards, sloping roofs, and decorative elements reflecting regional traditions.

A type of Nagara temple characterized by a tall, curvilinear spire (shikhara) with a single, prominent projection, common in Kalinga architecture.

Rekha Deula, a prominent feature of Kalinga temple architecture, is characterized by its tall, curvilinear spire (shikhara) that rises directly over the garbhagriha (sanctum).

A prominent style of Kalinga architecture, Rekha-Deul temples are characterized by their curvilinear spires (shikharas) and intricate sculptural ornamentation, often dedicated to Shiva or Vishnu.

Structures designed and built for spiritual purposes, encompassing diverse forms and styles reflecting specific religious beliefs, rituals, and cultural contexts.

A European style originating in Italy during the 15th century, characterized by a revival of classical Roman forms, symmetry, proportion, and the use of domes and arches.

A contemporary style drawing inspiration from historical Hindu temple architecture, reinterpreting traditional forms and motifs in modern constructions, often incorporating elements from various regional styles.

Rock-cut architecture involves carving structures directly from natural rock formations, showcasing remarkable engineering and artistic skill, often seen in cave temples and monolithic sculptures.

Saiva architecture is dedicated to Shiva, characterized by lingams, Nandi figures, and often incorporating elements reflecting the specific Saiva Siddhanta traditions prevalent in the region.

Saiva Siddhanta architecture reflects the philosophical tenets of Saiva Siddhanta, emphasizing the worship of Shiva and often incorporating specific iconographic and spatial arrangements.

Samadhi Mandir architecture, exemplified by the Shirdi Sai Baba Temple, focuses on creating a sacred space for enshrining the remains or relics of a revered saint or guru.

Samanid architecture, flourishing in Central Asia (9th-10th centuries CE), is known for its sophisticated brickwork, geometric patterns, and the use of stucco decoration, influencing later Islamic architectural styles.

Secular fortress architecture prioritizes defense, featuring high walls, bastions, gates, and moats, constructed from durable materials like stone and brick, serving as centers of power and administration.

Shakta architecture, found across India, emphasizes temples dedicated to the Goddess (Shakti), often featuring unique iconographic programs and ritual spaces tailored to Shakta practices.

Shakti Peethas are significant shrines and pilgrimage destinations in Shaktism, a Hindu denomination focused on the worship of the Divine Feminine, often located at sites associated with Sati's body parts.

Sharada Peeth architecture, associated with the Sharada Peeth University, showcases a distinct Kashmiri style with influences from surrounding regions, known for its unique temple designs and intricate carvings.

Shekhawati architecture, originating from the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan, is characterized by its vibrant fresco paintings, intricate jharokhas, and use of local materials, reflecting a blend of Rajput and Mughal influences.

Shikhara architecture refers to the towering, curvilinear spire, or superstructure, above the garbhagriha (sanctum sanctorum) in North Indian Hindu temples, a defining feature of Nagara style.