| Title | शिला (Stone)Rare Śilā Stone |
|---|---|
| Description | Śila (शिला), encompassing पाषाण (pāṣāṇa), प्रस्तर (prastara), and पत्थर (patthar), denotes stone, a fundamental construction material across the Indian subcontinent since ancient times. Its geological origins span igneous (Granite: density 2.65-2.75 g/cm³, compressive strength 100-250 MPa [2]), sedimentary (Sandstone: porosity 5-25% [2]), and metamorphic (Gneiss: density 2.6-2.8 g/cm³ [2]) rock types. Quarries in Rajasthan (Sandstone), Karnataka (Granite), and Maharashtra (Basalt) provided materials for Mauryan [3], Gupta, Chalukya, Chola, and Vijayanagara [3] constructions. Traditional processing involved quarrying, chiseling, and shaping. Śila served as foundation stones, load-bearing walls, pillars, and decorative carvings. Durability varies; Granite exhibits low porosity (0.5-1.5%) and high compressive strength [2], while Sandstone has higher porosity (5-25%) [2]. Laterite (density 1.8-2.2 g/cm³, compressive strength 2-20 MPa [2]), used extensively in regions like Tripura, is susceptible to erosion. Conservation necessitates understanding the specific stone type, its degradation mechanisms (e.g., salt weathering, biological growth), and appropriate consolidation techniques. |
| Also Known As | Stone Śilā Stone Rock Building Stone Dimension Stone पाषाण पत्थर शिला प्रस्तर कंकड़-पत्थर கல் (Kal) రాయి (Rāyi) ಕಲ್ಲು (Kallu) കല്ല് (Kallu) |
| Tags | पाषाण Pāshāna Stone Granite Sandstone Laterite Quarry Building Material Java शिला Shilā Masonry Marble Gneiss Andhra Pradesh Limestone Quartzite Uttarakhand Ahom Himalayan Granite Badrinath Temple Deoghar Kangra Conglomerate Bamiyan Khondalite Assam Tripura River Stone Schist Vindhyan Fortification Phyllite Tehri Garhwal Khasi Hills Basalt Granite Gneiss Almora Dambulla Cave Temple Dantewada Tibet Hisar Sikkim Telangana Meghalaya Black Granite কৃষ্ণশিলা Mandu Hisor Orchha Nagaland Slate Janjgir Chhattisgarh Lhasa Ujjain Kamakhya Vijayawada Dravida Varanasi Himalayan Stone Interlocking Greywacke Kizil Caves Xinjiang Kuqa Chamba Rajasthan Jhunjhunu Balua Patthar Ming-Öy Muktinath Multan Kaimur Munger Fort Stone Masonry Nartiang Kushan Omkareshwar Gwalior Sindh Riverbed Stone Lohit बलुआ पत्थर Baluā Patthar Rajim Bundelkhand Neelum Valley Kashmir Foundation Deccan Trap Munger Krishna Shilā Gabbro Udupi Kannur Deo Takhti Sangin Sivasagar Tawang Western Ghats Udayagiri Dravidian Karachi Yamchun கல்லு Kallu Dravidian Architecture |
| Material ID | INHFMAT-586241511-20-11-25-IA |
| URI | https://www.inheritage.foundation/aat/material/stone |
| API Endpoint | https://www.inheritage.foundation/api/v1/aat/materials/stone |
| Total Sites | 1 |
| Primary Sites | 0 |
| Created | November 20, 2025 |
| Last Updated | November 28, 2025 |
External References
Material Types
| Types | Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock Natural Stone Granite Sandstone Marble Basalt Conglomerate Quartzite Gneiss Schist Limestone Laterite Quartz Arenite Granite Gneiss Arenaceous Rock Quartz-based Sandstone Greywacke Siliceous Rock Extrusive Rock Khondalite Riverbed Stone Gabbro |
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Regions
| Regions | Bihar Karnataka Rajasthan Java Yogyakarta West Bengal Odisha Tamil Nadu Gujarat Central Province, Sri Lanka Madhya Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Surxondaryo Region, Uzbekistan Arunachal Pradesh Uttarakhand Central Province North Central Province Assam Meghalaya Kerala Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Punjab Bamiyan Province, Afghanistan Tripura Telangana Haryana Himalayan Region Fergana Valley Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region Chhattisgarh Maharashtra Tibet Nagaland Sikkim Rajasthan (Sandstone) Karnataka (Granite) Maharashtra (Basalt) Tripura (Laterite) Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan Eastern Himalayas Kullu Valley Hisor region, Tajikistan Uttar Pradesh Southern Tibet Sri Lanka Kabul region, Afghanistan Jammu and Kashmir Manipur Xinjiang Gandhara region Logar Province Gandaki Province, Nepal Mustang District, Nepal Baghlan Province, Afghanistan Hindu Kush region Sindh Lohit District Darjeeling Punjab (Local stone) Bihar (Rajgir) Madhya Pradesh (Bundelkhand region) Assam (local sandstone) Meghalaya (granite) Kashmir Valley Neelum Valley Mizoram Northeast India Nangarhar Province East Siang District North Central Province, Sri Lanka Samangan Province, Afghanistan Balkh Province, Afghanistan Khatlon Region, Tajikistan Deccan Plateau Gorno-Badakhshan |
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Historical Context
| Time Periods | 3rd century BCE Medieval Period CE 8th-10th century CE 18th century CE Chalukya Period Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646 CE) 14th century CE 15th century CE 1st-2nd century CE 16th century CE 17th-18th century CE 18th Century CE 19th Century CE 3rd century BCE (Mauryan Period) Medieval Period CE (Chalukya, Hoysala) Modern Era 8th century CE onwards 16th Century CE 6th-7th century CE Colonial Period 17th century CE Early Medieval Period Ancient Medieval Modern Early Medieval 11th century CE Kalachuri period Ahom Dynasty Period Modern Period CE 15th-17th Century CE Vijayanagara Empire 5th-6th century CE Mughal Period 1st century BCE 12th century CE Modern Period Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646) 15th Century CE onwards Chalukya Period CE Hoysala Period CE Chola Period CE Modern Construction 7th century CE 8th century CE Chola Period Early 20th Century CE 1st century CE 2nd century CE Chalukya Dynasty (6th-12th century CE) Kakatiya Dynasty (12th-14th century CE) Vijayanagara Period Mauryan Period (322-185 BCE) 2nd-5th century CE 20th Century CE British Colonial Period 6th-11th century CE 15th Century CE 16th-19th century CE Ahom Kingdom Period 8th-13th century CE 17th Century CE 19th century CE 12th Century CE Kalachuri Period 11th-12th century CE 7th Century CE 7th century CE onwards Early Historic Period Vijayanagara Empire Period Paramara Dynasty 16th-17th century CE 10th century CE Sikh Period 1st-3rd century CE 8th-9th century CE 10th-11th century CE 4th-8th century CE 9th century CE onwards 6th-8th century CE 5th-8th century CE (Sirpur) Chalukya period Kushan Period (1st-5th century CE) Buddhist Period Likely older foundations 16th-18th century CE Ahom Kingdom (1228-1826) Ancient Period 18th Century CE (Sikh Period) Gupta Period (320-550 CE) 5th-8th century CE 16th-17th century CE (Mughal Period) 13th century CE Yuan Dynasty 6th-12th century CE Early Modern Period Likely recent 2nd-7th century CE 11th Century CE Maratha Period Ahom Dynasty Chola Period (9th-13th century CE) Vijayanagara Period (14th-17th century CE) 3rd century BCE - Medieval Period CE 13th Century CE 4th-5th century CE Hellenistic Period (3rd-2nd century BCE) Ahom Period (1228-1826) 15th century CE onwards 14th-17th century CE Chalukya Period (6th-12th century CE) Pre-17th Century 9th century CE Nayaka Period (16th-17th century CE) Likely pre-10th century CE Medieval Period CE (7th-18th centuries) Ancient Times |
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| Dynasties | Mauryan Gupta Pala Sailendra Dynasty Mataram Kingdom Chalukya Hoysala Chola Rajput Maurya Dynasty Chalukya Dynasty Hoysala Dynasty Vijayanagara Vijayanagara Empire Kushan Empire Chand Dynasty Rajput Dynasties Anuradhapura Kingdom Ahom dynasty Travancore Mauryan Dynasty Chola Dynasty Adi Shankara (establishment) Naga Dynasty Mughal Empire (influence) Katoch dynasty Maurya Solanki Likely local rulers under Kushan influence Somavamshi Likely local Tripuri Kingdom Nayakas Qutb Shahi dynasty Kakatiya dynasty Local Rulers Manikya dynasty Sikh Empire Rajput Kingdoms Mughal Kalachuri dynasty Ahom Dynasty Gupta Empire Polonnaruwa Kingdom Chalukya dynasty of Bastar Pallava Kushan Tughlaq Dynasty Kakatiya Yadava Dynasty Chauhan Dynasty Pala dynasty Koch dynasty Local Rulers of Kullu Valley Ghurid Dynasty Khilji Dynasty Local Tajik rulers Ahom Katyuri dynasty Bundela Dynasty Mughal Empire Rana Dynasty Kalachuri Dynasty Yarlung Dynasty Chudasama dynasty Gujarat Sultanate Tomara Paramara Koch Dynasty Katoch Dynasty Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty Holkar dynasty Adi Shankara Kandyan Meitei Kucha Kingdom Various dynasties of Karnataka Reddy Dynasty Chamba Kingdom Somavamshi dynasty Panduvamshi dynasty Rashtrakuta Paramara dynasty Maratha Empire Shekhawati Rajput Nayaka Dynasty Likely local rulers during the temple's active period Maukhari Mughal Dynasty Kullu Kingdom Jaintia Kingdom Jaintia Kings Kushan Dynasty Nagvanshi dynasty Chalukya dynasty Maratha Namgyal Dynasty Fifth Dalai Lama's Reign Gupta Dynasty Nala dynasty Bundela Rajputs Tibetan Empire Sakya Dynasty Sikh Karkota Dynasty Utpala Dynasty Kalachuri Eastern Ganga Dynasty Chaulukya dynasty Chera Adi Shankara lineage Portuguese Possibly Tomara or Chauhan Gahadavala dynasty Greco-Bactrian Kingdom British East India Company Parmara Holkar Tripura Kingdom Katyuri Gajapati dynasty Chera Dynasty Pandya |
Geographic Sources
| Sources | Rajgir hills (Bihar) Aihole quarries (Karnataka) Makrana quarries (Rajasthan) Local quarries Riverbeds Rajmahal Hills (for sandstone) Local quarries in West Bengal (for granite) Chotanagpur Plateau Aihole quarries Badami quarries Makrana marble mines various regional quarries Local quarries near Adam's Peak Makrana marble mines (Rajasthan) Gingee quarries (Tamil Nadu) Bhedaghat marble quarries (Madhya Pradesh) Quarries near Kurnool Aihole quarries (historical) Specific local quarries Local quarries near Termez Local riverbeds Nearby quarries in West Siang district Badami sandstone quarries Local quarries near Almora Specific regional quarries Mamallapuram quarries (Tamil Nadu) Local quarries near Anuradhapura Local quarries in Assam and Meghalaya Quarries near Thiruvananthapuram Laterite quarries in Kerala Granite quarries in Tamil Nadu Local quarries near Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Local quarries in Bihar Rajasthan sandstone quarries Karnataka granite quarries Local quarries near Badrinath Alaknanda riverbed Rajmahal Hills (basalt) Vindhyan Range (sandstone) Local Jharkhand quarries (granite) Local quarries near Kangra Valley Balaram Ambaji quarries (Gujarat) Local quarries near Bamiyan Valley Specific Odisha Stone Quarries Local quarries in Kamrup Metropolitan district, Assam Local quarries near Deoghar Rajmahal Hills (sandstone) Local quarries in Tripura and surrounding regions Quarries near Bekal Granite quarries in Karnataka Local quarries near Bhadrachalam Quarries in Khammam district Local quarries near Kurukshetra Local quarries in Himachal Specific quarries near Sarahan Riverbeds of Dibang Valley Local quarries (potential granite sources) Local sandstone quarries near Udaipur, Tripura Local quarries in Arunachal Pradesh Himalayan foothills Local quarries near Qala-i Khumb Vindhyan Range quarries near Chanderi Gwalior quarries Local quarries near Tehri Garhwal Local quarries near Chandragiri Quarries in Chittoor district Local quarries near Janjgir-Champa Possible sources along the Mahanadi River Local riverbeds near Charaideo Sandstone quarries in nearby hills Local Khasi Hills quarries Local sandstone quarries in Tripura Specific quarries near Agartala Gwalior sandstone quarries (Madhya Pradesh) Local quarries near Almora, Uttarakhand Local quarries near Tezpur, Assam Rajmahal Hills (Basalt) Local quarries (Granite) Karimnagar quarries Local quarries near Dambulla Aihole granite quarries Karauli sandstone quarries Local quarries near Dantewada Granite quarries in Bastar region Sandstone deposits in Chhattisgarh Dholpur sandstone quarries Specific geographic sources Local quarries near Srinagar, Uttarakhand Dholpur quarries Bundi quarries Local quarries near Lhasa Local Nagaland quarries Badami quarries (Karnataka) Local quarries near Dimapur Local quarries near Shillong, Meghalaya Mamallapuram quarries (granite) Kanchipuram region (laterite) local riverbeds (sandstone) Specific granite quarries in South India Laterite quarries in coastal regions Local quarries near Gangtok Local quarries near Hisar Local Sikkim quarries Mamallapuram quarries Local Telangana quarries (specific names unknown) Aihole quarries (Karnataka - historical) Warangal region (Kakatiya - historical) various geographic sources Local quarries in East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya Local quarries near Bomdila Local quarries near Verul Kuppam granite quarries (Andhra Pradesh) Makrana quarries (Marble) Aihole quarries (Sandstone) Local laterite quarries Quarries near Kunnamkulam, Kerala Local Kerala quarries Local quarries near Hadda Local quarries near Hansi Aravalli Range quarries Local quarries near Gangtok, Sikkim Local quarries near Giridih Chotanagpur Plateau (for granite) Local quarries near Raipur Bastar region quarries Local quarries in Kamrup district Meghalaya sandstone quarries Local quarries near Manali Beas River Valley Local quarries near Mandu, Dhar district Local quarries near Hisor Local riverbeds and quarries in Arunachal Pradesh Local Tripura quarries Local quarries near Jageshwar Local quarries near Orchha Local quarries in Nagaland Local quarries near Shimla Local quarries in Terai region Chunar sandstone quarries Local quarries near Janjgir Bhandara quarries Specific geographic sources in Chhattisgarh Quarries near Lhasa Specific quarries in the Tibetan Plateau Local Tibetan quarries near Lhasa Specific granite quarries in Karnataka Local quarries near Junagadh Kangra Valley quarries Karimnagar quarries (Telangana) Local quarries near Ujjain Possible sources along the Chambal River Local quarries near Kolkata (Granite) specific local quarries Local quarries around Guwahati Shillong plateau Krishna granite quarries near Vijayawada Quarries near Chittoor local riverbeds Chunar quarries (sandstone) Local Varanasi region quarries Local Assam quarries for sandstone and laterite Mirzapur quarries (sandstone) South Indian quarries (granite) Local quarries near Hajo, Assam Local Himalayan quarries near Kedarnath Granite quarries in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu Laterite quarries in Sri Lanka Local quarries near Kabul Local quarries near Ganderbal Aihole quarries (granite) Makrana marble mines (marble) Local quarries in Manipur (sandstone, laterite) Local quarries near Legship, Sikkim Local quarries near Rajmahal Hills for basalt Laterite quarries in Birbhum and Murshidabad districts Local quarries near Kizil Caves Local quarries near Udupi, Karnataka Local quarries near Kondapalli Granite quarries in Krishna district Ilkal granite quarries Local quarries near Kuqa Local quarries in Meghalaya Local quarries in Tripura Local quarries near Chamba Local quarries near Sirpur, Chhattisgarh specific granite and sandstone quarries Specific quarries near Brahmapur, Odisha Karimnagar granite quarries Local Meghalaya quarries Specific basalt outcrops along the Shipra River Local quarries near Jhunjhunu Specific sandstone beds within the Aravalli Range Chunar sandstone quarries (Uttar Pradesh) Local quarries near Gaya Chotanagpur Plateau quarries Quarries near Jodhpur and Dholpur in Rajasthan Kuppam granite quarries Local quarries in Haryana and surrounding regions Local quarries in East Khasi Hills Quarries near Madurai Local quarries near Bhalukpong Local quarries near Dausa Banswara quarries (Rajasthan) Local quarries near Mes Aynak Local quarries near Ming-Öy Gwalior sandstone quarries Local quarries near Jomsom, Mustang Local sandstone quarries near Multan Potentially sourced from Rajasthan Kaimur hills quarries Local quarries near Munger Rajmahal Hills Local quarries near Naggar Local quarries near Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh specific granite quarries Local quarries in Jaintia Hills Local quarries near Nartiang Local quarries near Baghlan Local quarries near Gumla Dholpur quarries (Rajasthan) Local quarries in Gujarat Local quarries near Pauri Garhwal Local quarries near Golaghat, Assam Granite quarries in Meghalaya specific regional quarries Local quarries near Omkareshwar Possible sources along the Narmada River Local Sindh quarries Local riverbeds of Lohit River Jodhpur quarries specific Rajasthan quarries Local quarries near Pelling Riverbeds in Sikkim specific geographic sources Quarries in Rajasthan (for sandstone) Local quarries in Punjab Local quarries near Pelling, Sikkim Local quarries near Rajgir Local quarries near Rajim, Chhattisgarh Shivpuri quarries Local Tibetan quarries Possible sources from Northern India Local quarries in Assam Quarries in Meghalaya Local quarries in Sikkim and surrounding regions Quarries near Pathanamthitta Local quarries near Shigatse Specific quarries in Himachal Aihole quarries (Karnataka granite) Makrana marble mines (Rajasthan marble) Specific sandstone quarries in Madhya Pradesh Local quarries in Neelum Valley Riverbeds of Neelum River Local quarries in Punjab region Local quarries near Kanker Local quarries near Ransoo Local quarries in Mizoram Local quarries near Shotorak Local quarries in Manipur Local riverbeds near Pasighat Quarries near Mumbai Rajasthan quarries (for marble) Local quarries near Visakhapatnam Deccan Traps quarries near Pune Local quarries near Munger (sandstone, granite) Chotanagpur Plateau (granite) Local sandstone quarries near Sivasagar Local quarries near Sivasagar Riverbeds of nearby rivers Local quarries near Veraval Laterite deposits in Kerala Quarries near Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh Quarries near Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu Local quarries near Udupi Local quarries around Sringeri Kunnam quarries various riverbeds Local quarries in Kannur district Local quarries in Haryana Local quarries near Sudhanoti Local quarries in Himachal Pradesh Specific sandstone quarries in Rajasthan Local quarries near Surat Specific basalt outcrops in the Deccan Traps Local quarries near Deo, Aurangabad Banswara marble quarries Local quarries near Takht-e Rostam Local quarries near the Oxus River Local quarries near Tashiding Local quarries near Tawang Local quarries in the Western Ghats Local Dimapur quarries Shivpuri quarries (sandstone) Bhedaghat quarries (marble) specific local sources Kuppam quarries Local quarries near Udaipur, Tripura Deccan Trap quarries near Tuljapur Local basalt quarries Local quarries near Chopta Local quarries near Udayagiri Granite quarries near Chennai (Tamil Nadu) Local quarries near Agartala Quarries in Assam Local quarries near Guwahati Quarries near Thrissur Quarries near Vaikom, Kerala Quarries near Mamallapuram Sites around Kanchipuram Local Sindh quarries near Karachi Local Mizoram quarries Local quarries near Wokha Local quarries near Yamchun Banswara sandstone quarries Kanchipuram quarries Quarries in Kerala's Palakkad district Specific granite formations in Tamil Nadu |
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Properties
| Properties | Compressive strength: 2-250 MPa (depending on type) Porosity: 2-25% (depending on type) Density: 2200-3000 kg/m³ Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-10 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Density: 2.3-2.8 g/cm³ (variable) Compressive strength: 50-200 MPa (variable) Porosity: 1-10% (variable) Density: 2.6-2.8 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 50-150 MPa Water absorption: 0.2-1.5% Porosity: 1-3% Compressive strength: 40-250 MPa Porosity: 0.5-15% Specific gravity: 2.6-2.8 Water absorption: 0.1-3% Density: 2.65-2.75 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa Water absorption: 0.1-0.3% Compressive strength: 30-250 MPa (depending on type) Porosity: 1-15% (depending on type) Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-12 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Granite density: 2650-2750 kg/m³ Granite compressive strength: 100-250 MPa Sandstone porosity: 5-15% Marble thermal expansion: 6-8 x 10^-6 /°C Porosity: 0.5-1.5% Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-9 x 10⁻⁶/°C Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa Porosity: 5-15% Specific gravity: 2.2-2.7 g/cm³ Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-12 x 10^-6 /°C Porosity: 1-10% Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-12 x 10⁻⁶/°C Thermal expansion: 6-12 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Density: Granite 2.65-2.75 g/cm³, Sandstone 2.2-2.6 g/cm³ Compressive strength: Granite 100-250 MPa, Sandstone 30-70 MPa Porosity: Granite 0.5-1.5%, Sandstone 5-25% Thermal expansion coefficient: Granite 7-9 x 10⁻⁶/°C, Sandstone 9-12 x 10⁻⁶/°C Compressive strength: 30-200 MPa (depending on type) Porosity: 0.5-15% (depending on type) Density: 2200-3000 kg/m³ (depending on type) Compressive strength: 40-250 MPa (depending on type) Specific gravity: 2.6-3.0 Compressive strength: 100-200 MPa Density: 2600-2700 kg/m³ Granite: Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa, Density: 2.65-2.75 g/cm³, Porosity: 0.5-1.5% Sandstone: Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa, Density: 2.2-2.6 g/cm³, Porosity: 5-25% Laterite: Compressive strength: 2-20 MPa, Density: 1.8-2.2 g/cm³, Porosity: 20-40% Marble compressive strength: 50-150 MPa Compressive strength: 100-140 MPa Specific gravity: 2.6-2.7 g/cm³ Silica content: 65-75% Density: 2.65-2.75 g/cm³ (Granite), 2.2-2.6 g/cm³ (Sandstone) Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa (Granite), 30-70 MPa (Sandstone) Porosity: 0.5-1.5% (Granite), 5-25% (Sandstone) Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-9 x 10⁻⁶/°C (Granite), 9-12 x 10⁻⁶/°C (Sandstone) Compressive strength: 100-180 MPa Density: 2.6-2.75 g/cm³ Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-9 x 10^-6/°C Compressive strength: Granite (100-250 MPa), Sandstone (30-70 MPa) Density: Granite (2.65-2.75 g/cm³), Sandstone (2.2-2.6 g/cm³) Porosity: Granite (0.5-1.5%), Sandstone (5-25%) Thermal expansion coefficient: Granite (7-9 x 10⁻⁶/°C), Sandstone (9-12 x 10⁻⁶/°C) Density: 2.2-2.75 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 30-140 MPa Porosity: 0.5-25% Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-9 x 10⁻⁶/°C (granite), 9-12 x 10⁻⁶/°C (sandstone) Compressive strength: 40-200 MPa (depending on type) Porosity: 0.5-5% (depending on type) Compressive strength: 20-60 MPa Density: 2.2-2.6 g/cm³ Thermal expansion coefficient: 8-12 x 10⁻⁶/°C Granite density: 2.65-2.75 g/cm³ Sandstone porosity: 5-25% Khondalite compressive strength: 80-150 MPa Compressive strength (Granite): 100-250 MPa Compressive strength (Sandstone): 30-70 MPa Density (Granite): 2.65-2.75 g/cm³ Porosity (Sandstone): 5-25% Thermal expansion coefficient (Granite): 7-9 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Density: 2.0-2.6 g/cm³ Thermal expansion coefficient: 10-14 x 10⁻⁶/°C Compressive strength: 80-250 MPa Porosity: 0.5-3% Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-9 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Density: 2.6-3.0 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 50-200 MPa Porosity: 0.5-5% Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-10 x 10⁻⁶/°C Compressive strength (Quartzite): 100-140 MPa Density (Quartzite): 2.65 g/cm³ Porosity (Quartzite): 0.1-3% Thermal expansion coefficient (Sandstone): 10-12 x 10^-6 /°C Density: 2650-2750 kg/m³ Porosity: 0.2-1.5% Compressive strength: 60-250 MPa (depending on type) Density: 2500-2800 kg/m³ (depending on type) Thermal expansion: 7-9 x 10^-6 /°C Compressive strength: 30-60 MPa Porosity: 5-20% Density: 2200-2600 kg/m³ Grain size: 0.0625-2 mm Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-8 x 10⁻⁶/°C Compressive strength: 30-250 MPa Thermal expansion: 6-12 x 10^-6 /°C Density: 2.6-2.7 g/cm³ Specific gravity: 2.2-2.6 Thermal expansion coefficient: 10-12 x 10^-6/°C Compressive strength (Phyllite): 40-60 MPa Porosity (Quartzite): 0.5-1.5% Water absorption (Phyllite): 3-5% Density (Granite): 2.6-2.7 g/cm³ Density (Sandstone): 2.2-2.6 g/cm³ Porosity (Sandstone): 5-15% Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa (depending on type) Thermal expansion coefficient: 10-12 x 10^-6 /°C Compressive strength: 20-60 MPa (depending on type) Compressive strength: 20-50 MPa Water absorption: 2-8% Granite: Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa, Density: 2600-2800 kg/m³ Sandstone: Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa, Porosity: 5-20% Limestone: Compressive strength: 20-60 MPa, Density: 2500-2700 kg/m³ Porosity: 0.5-25% (depending on type) Density: 2500-3000 kg/m³ (depending on type) Compressive strength (Quartzite): 100-200 MPa Compressive strength (Granite Gneiss): 80-150 MPa Density (Granite Gneiss): 2.6-2.7 g/cm³ Porosity: 5-10% Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa (Basalt), 100-140 MPa (Granite) Density: 2700-3300 kg/m³ (Basalt), 2650-2750 kg/m³ (Granite) Porosity: 0.1-1% (Basalt), 0.5-1.5% (Granite) Thermal expansion coefficient: 5-9 x 10^-6 /°C Density: 2200-2750 kg/m³ Density: 2200-2800 kg/m³ Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-12 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Granite: Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa, Density: 2.65-2.75 g/cm³, Water absorption: 0.1-0.3% Sandstone: Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa, Porosity: 5-15%, Density: 2.2-2.6 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 30-100 MPa (sandstone) Porosity: 0.5-10% (depending on type) Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-12 x 10^-6 /°C Grain size: 1-5 mm Porosity: 0.1-5% (depending on type) Specific gravity: 2.0-3.0 Thermal expansion coefficient: 12 x 10^-6 /°C Thermal conductivity (Granite): 2.9-3.3 W/mK Density: 2.5-3.0 g/cm³ Porosity: 0.5-30% (depending on type) Thermal conductivity: 1.7-4 W/mK Compressive strength: 50-200 MPa (depending on type) Density: 2.5-3.0 g/cm³ (depending on type) Thermal conductivity: 1.7-4 W/mK (depending on type) Compressive strength (Gneiss): 100-200 MPa Density (Gneiss): 2.6-2.8 g/cm³ Porosity (Sandstone): 5-20% Granite: Density 2.65-2.75 g/cm³, Compressive Strength 100-250 MPa, Porosity 0.5-1.5% Sandstone: Density 2.2-2.6 g/cm³, Compressive Strength 30-170 MPa, Porosity 5-25% Laterite: Density 1.8-2.0 g/cm³, Compressive Strength 2-20 MPa, Porosity 40-60% Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-9 x 10^-6 /°C Compressive strength: 50-120 MPa (depending on foliation) Thermal expansion coefficient: 8-10 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa (sandstone), 30-80 MPa (limestone) Porosity: 5-20% (sandstone), 2-15% (limestone) Density: 2.2-2.7 g/cm³ Quartzite: Compressive strength: 100-140 MPa, Density: 2.65 g/cm³, Porosity: 0.5-1% Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-12 x 10^-6/°C Compressive strength: 50-200 MPa (Granite), 20-70 MPa (Sandstone), 5-15 MPa (Laterite) Porosity: 0.5-3% (Granite), 5-25% (Sandstone), 30-50% (Laterite) Density: 2600-2800 kg/m³ (Granite), 2000-2600 kg/m³ (Sandstone), 1400-1900 kg/m³ (Laterite) Porosity: 0.5-20% (depending on type) Thermal expansion coefficient: Granite 7-9 x 10⁻⁶ /°C, Sandstone 9-12 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Specific gravity: 2.6-2.7 Water absorption: 0.2-1.0% Compressive strength: 20-200 MPa (depending on type) Porosity: 0.1-10% (depending on type) Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa (Granite) Porosity: 0.5-3% (Granite) Specific gravity: 2.6-2.7 (Granite) Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-9 x 10⁻⁶ /°C (Granite) Water absorption: 0.1-0.5% (Granite) Compressive strength: 5-250 MPa (depending on type) Porosity: 0.1-30% (depending on type) Water absorption: <0.5% Compressive strength: 50-70 MPa Density: 2.7-2.9 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 60-90 MPa Density: 2.65 g/cm³ Porosity: 3-7% Thermal expansion coefficient: 12 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Porosity: 0.2-25% Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-9 x 10⁻⁶ /°C (granite) Granite: Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa, Density: 2.65-2.75 g/cm³, Porosity: 0.2-1.5% Sandstone: Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa, Porosity: 5-25%, Thermal expansion: 7-12 x 10^-6/°C Granite Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa Granite Density: 2.65-2.75 g/cm³ Schist Density: 2.7-2.8 g/cm³ Schist Flexural Strength: 20-50 MPa Compressive strength: 30-50 MPa Density: 2.2-2.4 g/cm³ Porosity: 10-15% Thermal expansion coefficient: 10-12 x 10⁻⁶/°C Compressive strength: 40-80 MPa (estimated) Porosity: 2-5% (estimated) Specific gravity: 2.6-2.8 (estimated) Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-12 x 10^-6 /°C (estimated) Porosity: 2-20% Compressive strength: 40-200 MPa Specific gravity: 2.5-3.0 Porosity: 0.5-20% Density: 2500-3000 kg/m³ Compressive strength (Granite): 100-140 MPa Porosity (Granite): 0.5-1.5% Compressive strength: 60-100 MPa (Granite), 30-50 MPa (Slate) Porosity: 1-3% (Granite), 3-7% (Slate) Density: 2.6-2.7 g/cm³ (Granite), 2.7-2.8 g/cm³ (Slate) Sandstone: Porosity: 5-15%, Compressive strength: 30-60 MPa, Density: 2.2-2.6 g/cm³ Granite: Density: 2.65-2.75 g/cm³, Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa, Water absorption: 0.1-0.5% Compressive strength: 20-200 MPa Compressive strength (Basalt): 100-200 MPa Density (Basalt): 2.7-3.0 g/cm³ Grain size (Sandstone): 0.0625-2mm Density: 2.6-2.8 g/cm³ (slate), 2.2-2.6 g/cm³ (sandstone) Compressive strength: 100-140 MPa (slate), 30-70 MPa (sandstone) Porosity: 2-5% (slate), 5-15% (sandstone) Thermal conductivity: 1.7-3.5 W/mK Density: 2.6-3.3 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 100-200 MPa (Granite), 150-250 MPa (Basalt) Porosity: 0.5-1.5% (Granite), 1-3% (Basalt) Specific gravity: 2.6-2.7 (Granite), 2.8-3.0 (Basalt) Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa (depending on type) Water absorption: 0.2-5% Compressive strength: 40-200 MPa (granite) Porosity: 1-5% (granite), 5-25% (sandstone) Density: 2650-2750 kg/m³ (granite) Thermal expansion: 7-9 x 10^-6 /°C (granite) Compressive strength: 20-35 MPa Porosity: 8-12% Specific gravity: 2.2-2.4 Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-12 x 10⁻⁶/°C Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-13 x 10^-6 /°C Compressive strength: 80-200 MPa Specific gravity: 2.6-2.8 g/cm³ Thermal expansion: 7-9 x 10⁻⁶/°C Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-9 x 10^-6 /°C (Granite) Water absorption: 0.2-1% (Granite), 1-5% (Sandstone) Granite: Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa, Density: 2650-2750 kg/m³, Porosity: 0.5-1.5% Laterite: Compressive strength: 2-20 MPa, Density: 1800-2200 kg/m³, Porosity: 20-40% Porosity: 0.5-10% Density: 2600-2800 kg/m³ Granite: Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa, Density: 2.6-2.7 g/cm³ Sandstone: Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa, Porosity: 5-25% Laterite: Compressive strength: 20-50 MPa, High iron content Compressive strength: 80-120 MPa Water absorption: 0.2-0.5% Laterite: Density: 1.8-2.5 g/cm³ Laterite: Compressive strength: 5-20 MPa Basalt: Density: 2.7-3.3 g/cm³ Basalt: Compressive strength: 100-300 MPa Porosity: Laterite (high), Basalt (low) Granite: Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa, Density: 2.6-2.75 g/cm³, Porosity: 0.5-3% Laterite: Compressive strength: 2-20 MPa, Density: 1.8-2.2 g/cm³, Porosity: 30-60% Compressive strength: 80-140 MPa Density: 2.6-2.7 g/cm³ (Granite) Porosity: 5-15% (Sandstone) Porosity: 0.1-5% Thermal expansion coefficient: 5-15 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Sandstone: Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa Sandstone: Density: 2.2-2.6 g/cm³ Sandstone: Porosity: 5-25% Laterite: High iron content Laterite: Porous structure Water absorption (Sandstone): 2-10% Thermal expansion: 7-10 x 10^-6 /°C Sandstone compressive strength: 30-70 MPa Sandstone porosity: 5-20% Water absorption: 0.2-2% Density: 2.2-2.75 g/cm³ (depending on type) Compressive strength: 50-200 MPa (Granite) Porosity: 0.1-3% (Granite), 5-25% (Sandstone) Density: 2600-2800 kg/m³ (Granite), 2000-2600 kg/m³ (Sandstone) Thermal expansion: 7-9 x 10⁻⁶ /°C (Granite) Granite: Density 2.65-2.75 g/cm³ Granite: Compressive strength 150-200 MPa Sandstone: Porosity 5-15% Sandstone: Density 2.2-2.6 g/cm³ Thermal expansion coefficient (Sandstone): 12 x 10^-6 /°C Thermal expansion coefficient: 5-15 x 10^-6 /°C Porosity: 0.5-3% (granite), 5-20% (sandstone) Porosity: 10-20% Thermal expansion coefficient: 10-12 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Porosity: 1-5% Limestone porosity: 5-15% Limestone compressive strength: 30-60 MPa Thermal expansion coefficient (granite): 7-9 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Laterite compressive strength: 5-20 MPa Specific gravity: 2.2-2.7 Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-10 x 10^-6 /°C Porosity: 1-5% (variable) Grain size: 0.25-0.5mm Specific gravity: 2.65 Porosity: 5-8% Sandstone compressive strength: 20-70 MPa Compressive strength (Quartzite): 150-200 MPa Thermal expansion coefficient (Quartzite): 7-8 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Specific gravity: 2.0-2.75 (depending on type) Compressive strength: 100-150 MPa Compressive strength: 100-200 MPa (Granite), 40-80 MPa (Sandstone) Porosity: 0.5-3% (Granite), 5-25% (Sandstone) Specific gravity: 2.6-2.8 (Granite), 2.2-2.6 (Sandstone) Thermal expansion coefficient varies Specific gravity: 2.65 g/cm³ Porosity: 0.5-1.5% (Granite) Compressive strength: 20-40 MPa Compressive strength: 50-100 MPa Compressive strength: 50-120 MPa Sandstone: Density: 2200-2700 kg/m³, Compressive strength: 30-100 MPa, Porosity: 5-25% Granite: Density: 2600-2800 kg/m³, Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa, Porosity: 0.5-1.5% Water absorption: 0.1-1% Thermal expansion coefficient: 8-10 x 10⁻⁶/°C Sandstone: Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa, Density: 2200-2400 kg/m³, Porosity: 5-15% Sandstone: Density 2.2-2.6 g/cm³, Porosity 5-15%, Compressive strength 50-80 MPa, Thermal expansion coefficient 10-12 x 10⁻⁶/°C Granite: Density 2.6-2.8 g/cm³, Porosity 0.5-3%, Compressive strength 100-150 MPa, Thermal expansion coefficient 7-9 x 10⁻⁶/°C Compressive strength: 40-60 MPa Specific gravity: 2.2-2.4 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 40-80 MPa Porosity: 2-5% Compressive strength (sandstone): 20-70 MPa Porosity (sandstone): 5-20% Compressive strength (granite): 100-250 MPa Porosity (granite): <1% Density (Granite): 2600-2700 kg/m³ Water Absorption: 0.1-0.3% Thermal Expansion Coefficient: 7-9 x 10^-6 /°C Granite: Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa, Density: 2.6-2.7 g/cm³, Porosity: 0.5-1.5% Sandstone compressive strength: 30-100 MPa Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-9 x 10^-6/°C (Granite) Granite: Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa, Density: 2650-2750 kg/m³ Marble: Density: 2560-2690 kg/m³, Water Absorption: 0.2-0.8% Compressive strength (Sandstone): 20-70 MPa Porosity (Quartzite): 0.1-1.0% Sandstone: Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa, Porosity: 5-25%, Density: 2.2-2.6 g/cm³ Compressive strength (sandstone): 30-50 MPa Porosity (sandstone): 15-20% Density (granite): 2.6-2.7 g/cm³ Thermal expansion coefficient (granite): 7-9 x 10^-6 /°C Density: 2.6-2.8 g/cm³ (Greywacke), 2.65 g/cm³ (Quartzite) Compressive strength: 70-140 MPa (Greywacke), 100-170 MPa (Quartzite) Porosity: 1-3% (Greywacke), <1% (Quartzite) Compressive strength: 20-250 MPa Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-10 x 10^-6/°C Compressive strength: 20-200 MPa (estimated) Porosity: 1-10% (estimated) Specific gravity: 2.5-2.8 (estimated) Thermal conductivity: 1.7-3.0 W/mK (estimated) Specific gravity: 2.6-3.0 g/cm³ (depending on type) Density: 2.5-2.8 g/cm³ Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-14 x 10⁻⁶/°C Density: 2500-2800 kg/m³ Porosity: 0.2-5% (depending on type) Density: 2.7-3.0 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 20-150 MPa (depending on type) Density: 2.2-2.8 g/cm³ Specific gravity: 2.7-3.0 g/cm³ Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-8 x 10^-6 /°C Compressive strength (Sandstone): 20-50 MPa Porosity (Sandstone): 10-25% Density (Sandstone): 2200-2600 kg/m³ Compressive strength: 40-100 MPa Porosity: 2-7% Granite: Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa, Density: 2.6-2.7 g/cm³, Porosity: 0.2-1.5% Laterite: Density: 1.8-2.2 g/cm³, High iron content (up to 60%) Porosity: <1% Density: 3.0-3.3 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 150-200 MPa Water absorption: <0.1% Grain size: Fine-grained Thermal expansion coefficient: 7-9 x 10⁻⁶/°C (Granite) Basalt: Compressive strength: 100-200 MPa, Density: 2.7-3.0 g/cm³, Porosity: 0.1-1% Laterite: Compressive strength: 2-10 MPa, Density: 1.8-2.2 g/cm³, Porosity: 30-60% Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-10 x 10^-6 /°C Compressive strength: Estimated 20-60 MPa (depending on type) Porosity: Estimated 5-15% Specific gravity: Estimated 2.2-2.7 Grain size: Fine to medium Granite Compressive strength: 100-140 MPa Sandstone Porosity: 5-15% Sandstone Mineral Composition: Quartz, Feldspar Compressive strength: 30-60 MPa (Sandstone) Density: 2200-2400 kg/m³ (Sandstone) Water absorption: 1-5% (Sandstone) Flexural strength: 20-40 MPa (Slate) Compressive strength (Sandstone): 30-60 MPa Density (Basalt): 2700-3000 kg/m³ Compressive strength: 60-100 MPa Porosity: <1-15% (depending on type) Specific gravity: 2.5-2.7 Thermal expansion coefficient: 8-12 x 10^-6/°C Compressive strength: 30-80 MPa Density: 2200-2400 kg/m³ Grain size: 0.25-0.5 mm Density: 2.65-2.75 g/cm³ (Granite), Variable (Sandstone) Granite: Density 2.65-2.75 g/cm³, Compressive strength 100-250 MPa Sandstone: Porosity 5-25%, Density 2.2-2.6 g/cm³ Laterite: High iron content, variable strength depending on curing Specific gravity: 2.65-2.75 Compressive strength (sandstone): 30-60 MPa Porosity (sandstone): 5-15% Density (sandstone): 2200-2600 kg/m³ Density (granite): 2600-2800 kg/m³ Compressive strength (Laterite): 2-20 MPa Granite: Density: 2.65-2.75 g/cm³ Granite: Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa Sandstone: Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa Porosity: 2-10% Granite: Compressive strength: 100-250 MPa, Density: 2.65-2.75 g/cm³ Sandstone: Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa, Density: 2.2-2.6 g/cm³, Porosity: 5-20% Laterite: Density: 1.6-1.9 g/cm³, Compressive strength: 2-20 MPa, High iron content Density: 2.6-3.0 g/cm³ (Granite), 1.6-2.2 g/cm³ (Laterite) Compressive strength: 100-200 MPa (Granite), 2-10 MPa (Laterite) Porosity: 0.5-1.5% (Granite), 20-30% (Laterite) Density: 2.6-2.9 g/cm³ Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-12 x 10^-6/°C Compressive strength: 40-150 MPa Water absorption: 0.1-0.5% Specific gravity: 2.2-2.8 Specific gravity: 2.2-2.75 |
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Common Uses
| Uses | Foundation stones Load-bearing walls Paving Sculptures General construction Foundation Walls Decorative carvings Structural elements Steps Pillars Lintels Flooring Column bases Retaining walls Column construction Columns Sculptural elements Fortifications Wall facing Fortification walls Lower courses of walls Door frames Cave supports Jali work Cladding Plinth construction Gateways Arches Vaults Piers Jharokhas (windows) Roofing (Slate) Roofing (slate) Staircases Structural support Interlocking structural elements Basements Cave walls Sculptural base Architectural elements Structural support for cave paintings Structural columns Jharokha (windows) Chhatri (domed pavilions) Courtyard paving Jali screens Carved architectural elements Paving stones Plinth Decorative elements Exterior cladding Window surrounds Bastions Plinths Embankments Core of the stupa Structural components Granite: Foundation stones, Load-bearing walls, Pillars Sandstone: Cladding, Decorative carvings, Paving Laterite: Walls, Retaining structures, Foundations Foundation stones (Granite) Load-bearing walls (Laterite) Paving (Granite) Steps (Granite) Roofing |
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Related Materials
| Materials | चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) सुरखी - Surkhi (Brick Dust) Kāshtha (Wood) Lohā (Iron) ईंट - Īnt (Brick) लकड़ी - Lakadee (Wood) बलुआ पत्थर - Baluā Patthar (Sandstone) धातु बंधन - Dhatu Bandhan (Metal Clamps) रेती - Retī (Sand) काष्ठ - Kāshtha (Wood) बालू - Bālū (Sand) लोहा - Lohā (Iron) कषायम् - Kashāyam (Herbal Concoctions) कंकड़ - Kankar (Gravel) मृत्तिका - Mrittikā (Clay) बजरी - Bajri (Aggregate) रेती - Reti (Sand) Kāshtha (Timber) कंकड़ - Kankar (Lime Nodules) धातु - Dhatu (Metal clamps) धातु - Dhātu (Metal) सीमेंट - Sīmeṇṭa (Cement) कषाय - Kashāya (Herbal Concoctions) धातु की कील - Dhātu kī kīl (Metal Dowels) लोहा - Lohā (Iron) (for dowels and clamps) Dhātu (Metal) Bajri (Aggregate) बजरी - Bajri (Gravel) Kāshtha (Wood) for structural support कषाय - Kashaya (Herbal Extracts) चूना - Chunā (Lime Plaster) Rang (Paint) रेत - Ret (Sand) Kāshtha (Wood) for scaffolding and formwork धातु - Dhātu (Metal) for reinforcement Kankar (Lime Nodules) मृत्तिका लेप - Mrittika Lepa (Clay Mortar) कंकड़ - Kankar (Kankar) धातु - Dhatu (Metal) कंक्रीट - Kaṅkrīṭ (Concrete) धातु क्लिप - Dhatu Clip (Metal Clips) काष्ठ - Kāshtha (Timber) कंक्रीट - Kankreet (Concrete) ईंट - Īnt (Bricks) धातु की कील - Dhātu ki keel (Metal Dowels) सीसा - Sīsā (Lead) Gravel धातु - Dhātu (Metal) clamps சுண்ணாம்பு - Chunāmbū (Lime Mortar) செங்கல் - Sengal (Brick) உலோகம் - Ulōkam (Metal) ചൂനാമ്ബ് - Chūnāmb (Lime) മണൽ - Maṇal (Sand) Laterite |
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Related Styles
| Styles | Mauryan architecture style Gupta architecture style Nagara architecture style Javanese temple architecture Bengal Temple Architecture Dravidian architecture style Vesara architecture style Sri Lankan architecture Dravidian architecture Nagara architecture Indo-Islamic architecture Vijayanagara architecture style Greco-Buddhist art Kushan art Kumaoni architecture Vesara architecture Anuradhapura architecture style Ahom architecture Kerala Temple Architecture Himalayan Temple Architecture Regional temple architecture Maru-Gurjara architecture style Gandhara style Kalinga architecture Assamese temple architecture Fort architecture Himalayan architecture style Regional Assamese architecture Bengal temple architecture Himalayan architecture Monastic architecture Central Asian Buddhist architecture Himachali Temple Architecture Rajput architecture style Indo-Islamic architecture style Vijayanagara architecture Ahom architecture style Modern Temple Architecture Regional temple styles of Northeast India Sri Lankan cave temple architecture Regional Bastar temple architecture Gujarati architecture style Tibetan Buddhist Architecture Modern architecture Modern Indian Temple Architecture Tibetan architecture Gandhara architecture Kakatiya architecture style Hemadpanti architecture Gandhara architecture style Kalinga architecture style Assam type architecture Pahari architecture Kullu architecture Katyuri style Mughal architecture style Jain Temple Architecture Colonial architecture Indo-Nepalese architecture Central Indian temple architecture Tibetan architecture style Tibetan Buddhist architecture Regional Kangra style Bengal Architecture Assamese architecture Temple architecture Bengal architecture Kushan architecture Pratihara style Kandyan architecture Kashmiri Temple Architecture Meitei architecture Regional variations of Nagara style Kucha Buddhist Art Silk Road Art Cave architecture Buddhist art Bengal architecture style Maratha architecture Shekhawati architecture Rajput architecture Mauryan architecture Gupta architecture Gujarati vernacular architecture Sikh Architecture Rajput Architecture Buddhist cave architecture Nepali Temple Architecture Himalayan Architecture Likely a regional variant of Nagara architecture, influenced by local styles Kath-Kuni architecture Hill Temple Architecture Regional temple architecture of Meghalaya Khasi Architecture Indo-Islamic Architecture Gandhara art Tibetan Architecture Sikh architecture Bhutanese Architecture Pancharatha style Pahari architecture style Haveli architecture Regional Himalayan architecture Regional vernacular architecture Manipuri architecture Maratha architecture style Regional Sindh architecture Deccan architecture Māru-Gurjara architecture Ancient Sri Lankan architecture Buddhist architecture Indo-Portuguese architecture Colonial architecture style Greco-Bactrian architecture Central Asian Hellenistic architecture Indo-European architecture Tripura temple architecture Kerala architecture style Dravidian Architecture Chola architecture |
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Related Categories
| Categories | Temple Stupa Monastery Fort Monument Palace Stepwell Pilgrimage Site Temples Forts Palaces Stepwells Sculpture Reservoir Sculptures Religious Structures Cave Architecture Public Buildings Mandapa Fortification Maidam (Burial Mound) Cave Temple Archaeological Site Haveli Residential architecture Residential buildings Gopuram Religious Buildings Chorten Architectural Sculpture Rock-cut architecture Public buildings Pond Platform Retaining walls Historical Site Cave Temples Buddhist Monasteries Defensive structure Mosque Dwelling Havelis Public Building Ruins Retaining Wall Kund Fortress Amphitheatre Residential Buildings Residential Architecture Architectural Ruins Shrine Military Architecture Mandir Wall Gateway Temple architecture Fort architecture Residential |
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Conservation Notes
| Notes |
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Recommended Sources
| Title | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Indian Stones: Their Properties and Uses | Book | Detailed analysis of various Indian stones |
| ASI Technical Bulletin | Technical Report | Material analysis |
| Stone Conservation: An Overview | Book | Stone preservation techniques |
| Indian Stone Architecture | Book | Detailed analysis of stone types and their uses |
| Stone in Indian Architecture | Book | Types of stone and their uses in different regions |
| Archaeological Survey of Sri Lanka Annual Reports | Report | Material analysis of Anuradhapura structures |
| Geological Survey of India Reports | Technical Report | Stone identification and properties |
| Archaeological Survey of India Reports | Technical Report | Material analysis of forts in Madhya Pradesh |
| Geology of Tripura | Geological Survey Report | Information on local stone resources |
| The Building Stones of India | Book | Geological survey of Indian stones |
| Stone in India: Its Resources, Production and Utilization | Book | Geological survey report |
| Stone Conservation: An Overview of Current Research | Book | Stone weathering and conservation |
| IS 1597-1:2008 | Indian Standard | Code of practice for construction with stone masonry |
| Manasara Shilpa Shastra | Text | Traditional building manual |
| Building Materials in India | Book | Comprehensive overview of Indian building materials |
| Studies in Indian Temple Architecture | Book | Material usage in Kerala temples |
| Indian Stones: Their Properties and Uses | Book | Detailed analysis of various Indian stones |
| Geology of Sri Lanka | Book | Detailed analysis of stone types and their properties |
| Elements of Hindu Iconography | Book | Stone carving techniques |
| Geology of West Bengal | Geological Survey Report | Information on stone sources in the region |
| Stone in India: Its Geology and Uses | Book | Geological and technical properties of Indian stones |
| Geology of Bihar | Geological Survey | Stone types in Bihar |
| Geology of Rajasthan | Book | Sandstone formations and properties |
| South Indian Shila Shastra | Book | Stone selection and usage in South India |
| Geology of Punjab | Geological Survey | Information on local stone types |
| Geology of Assam | Geological Survey Report | Stone types and sources |
| Building Stones of India | Book | Geological survey and properties |
| Indian Archaeology: A Review | Journal | Excavation reports and material analysis |
| Geology of Rajgir | Geological Survey Report | Stone source analysis |
| ASI Guidelines for Conservation | Guideline | General conservation principles |
| Stone Conservation: Principles and Practice | Book | Detailed guide on stone preservation |
| South Indian Inscriptions | Archaeological Survey Report | Details on stone usage in Chola temples |
| Stone in India: Its Geology, Quarrying, and Uses | Book | Comprehensive overview of Indian stone resources |
| The Art of Indian Stone Masonry | Book | Traditional techniques |
| Ancient India (ASI) | Journal | Stone analysis in ancient structures |
| South Indian Inscriptions | Archaeological Survey Report | Material usage in Chola temples |
| ASI Technical Bulletin | Technical Report | Stone conservation techniques |
Heritage Sites (1)
| Site Name | Status | Usage | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple Aranmula | Secondary | 100% |