| Title | स्थूण मृत्तिका - Sthuna Mrittikā (Rammed Earth)स्थूण मृत्तिका Sthuna Mrittikā |
|---|---|
| Description | Sthuna Mrittikā (Rammed Earth) is a construction technique involving compacting a mixture of earth, gravel, and sometimes stabilizers like lime or animal blood within a formwork. Density ranges from 1800-2200 kg/m³, providing good thermal mass. |
| Tags | कच्चा मिट्टी Kacchā Mittī Rammed Earth Earth Soil Compaction मृत्तिका Mrittikā Earth Construction Earthen Construction Mr̥ttikā Earthen construction मृत्तिकाभित्ति Mrittikābhitti Erosion संपीडित मृत्तिका Sampīḍit Mṛttikā Sampīḍita Mrittikā Compacted Soil Thermal Mass Sampīḍita Mṛttikā Clay मृदा Mṛdā Yamchun संपीडित मृदा Sampidit Mrida Sampīḍita Mṛdā Pisé Compacted Earth संहत Sanhata Rammed Compacted स्थूण मृत्तिका Sthuna Mrittikā |
| Material ID | INHFMAT-553763149-20-11-25-ST |
| URI | https://www.inheritage.foundation/aat/material/rammed-earth |
| API Endpoint | https://inheritage.foundation/api/v1/aat/materials/rammed-earth |
| Total Sites | 1 |
| Primary Sites | 0 |
| Created | November 20, 2025 |
| Last Updated | November 20, 2025 |
| Types | Soil Composite Material Earthen Material Compacted Soil Earth |
|---|
| Regions | Rajasthan Gujarat Deccan Plateau Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Haryana Xinjiang Central Asia Tajikistan arid regions of Uzbekistan Tamil Nadu (arid regions) |
|---|
| Time Periods | Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1700 BCE) Early Historic Period 3rd century BCE Early Medieval Period Medieval Period CE Indus Valley Civilization Mauryan Period Mauryan Empire (322-185 BCE) Ancient Period Medieval Period 16th-19th century CE Ancient times Contemporary sustainable construction Contemporary |
|---|---|
| Dynasties | Maurya Shunga Mauryan Dynasty Gupta Dynasty Gupta Mauryan Chola Satavahana Local Tajik rulers Indus Valley Civilization Rajput Kingdoms Not typically associated with specific dynasties, but used in vernacular architecture Regional kingdoms in Rajasthan Local communities |
| Sources | Local soil deposits Alluvial plains Local soil deposits near Qala-i Khumb Riverbeds Local subsoil deposits Locally sourced soil Locally sourced subsoil Agricultural land Locally sourced soil deposits specific geographic sources Local soil deposits near Hisor Locally sourced earth and gravel deposits Local soil deposits near Yamchun Specific regional earth sources Specific earthwork sites Quarries for gravel |
|---|
| Properties | Dry Density: 1.8-2.2 g/cm³ Compressive Strength: 2-5 MPa Thermal Conductivity: 0.8-1.2 W/mK Porosity: 10-20% Compressive strength: 2-5 MPa Density: 1.8-2.2 g/cm³ Thermal conductivity: 0.8-1.2 W/mK Porosity: 15-25% Density: 1800-2200 kg/m³ Compressive strength: 2-4 MPa Density: 1600-2200 kg/m³ Compressive strength: 2-10 MPa Thermal diffusivity: 0.4-0.6 mm²/s Thermal conductivity: 0.8-1.5 W/mK Compressive strength: 2-10 MPa (depending on soil composition and compaction) Thermal mass: High Compressive Strength: 2-8 MPa Compressive strength: 2-7 MPa Compressive strength: 2-5 MPa (unstabilized), 5-15 MPa (stabilized) |
|---|
| Uses | Load-bearing walls Foundation Protective barriers Walls Platforms Foundations (in some cases) Foundation platforms Protective embankments Flooring Wall infill Internal partitions Floor bases Earthen floors Foundation walls Protective bunds Enclosure walls Foundations Terraces Platform construction Protective layers Non-load-bearing walls Foundations (with proper drainage) Thermal mass walls Floors Retaining walls Foundation construction Thermal insulation Housing |
|---|
| Materials | गोमय - Gomaya (Cow Dung) चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) सुरखी - Surkhi (Brick Dust) काष्ठ - Kāshtha (Wood) चूना - Chunā (Lime) भूसा - Bhusa (Straw) Kāshtha (Wood) कंकड़ - Kankar (Lime Nodules) भूसा - Bhūsā (Straw) Chunā (Lime Mortar) Gomaya (Cow Dung) कषाय - Kashāya (Tannin) कषाय - Kashaya (Tannin) गाारा - Gāra (Mud Mortar) कषाय - Kashāya (Herbal Binders) स्थावर तन्तु - Sthāvara Tantu (Plant Fibers) Cement (modern applications) शण - Shana (Hemp) Bamboo |
|---|
| Styles | Vernacular architecture style Rural architecture style Vernacular architecture Early Buddhist architecture Rural architecture Desert architecture Sustainable building practices Sustainable architecture Rural construction |
|---|
| Categories | Residential buildings Fortifications Earthen structures Temple Fort Monastery Stupa Fortification Stupas Residential structures Palace Agricultural structures Residential Buildings Agricultural Structures Fortifications (in some regions) Rural structures Boundary walls |
|---|
| Notes |
|
|---|
| Title | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Rammed Earth Construction: A Primer | Technical Guide | Techniques and best practices for rammed earth construction |
| Ancient Indian Building Materials and Techniques | Book | Rammed Earth analysis |
| Ancient Indian Building Materials and Technology | Book | Rammed earth construction techniques |
| Ancient Indian Building Technology | Book | Rammed earth construction techniques |
| Ancient Indian Building Materials | Book | Composition and properties |
| Earthen Architecture in India | Book | Details on rammed earth construction |
| Ancient Indian Building Technology | Book | Rammed earth construction techniques |
| Ancient Indian Building Materials and Techniques | Book | Chapter on earthen construction |
| Ancient Indian Building Technology | Book | Rammed earth construction techniques |
| Ancient Indian Building Materials and Techniques | Book | Details on rammed earth construction |
| Traditional Indian Building Techniques | Book | Chapter on rammed earth construction |
| Rammed Earth Construction: A Primer | Book | Technical guide to rammed earth construction |
| Building with Earth: Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture | Book | Technical details on rammed earth construction |
| Rammed Earth Construction: A Global Perspective | Book | Techniques and case studies of rammed earth construction |
| Rammed Earth Construction Handbook | Book | Technical guidelines |
| Rammed Earth Construction in India | Technical Report | Techniques and case studies |
| Site Name | Status | Usage | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Khonaqo-i Khisht Teppa Danghara Tajikistan | Secondary | 100% |