सङ्गमरमर - Sangamarmar (Marble) | Inheritage Foundation Art & Architecture Thesaurus | Inheritage Foundation

Title	सङ्गमरमर - Sangamarmar (Marble) सङ्गमरमर Sangamarmar
Description	Sangamarmar (Marble) is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, typically calcite or dolomite. It exhibits a Mohs hardness of 3-4, a density of 2.56-2.65 g/cm³, and a compressive strength ranging from 50-150 MPa, depending on grain size and impurities.
Tags	Marble Metamorphic Makrana Decorative Calcite संगमरमर Sangamarmar Inlay Pietra dura Quarry Sculpture Carving Rajasthan Taj Mahal Stone Cladding Dolomite White Jali White Stone White Marble Makrana Marble Metamorphic Rock Ambaji Crystalline Mughal Decoration Polishing Sangmarmar सङ्गमरमर
Material ID	`INHFMAT-837799037-20-11-25-SR`
URI	https://www.inheritage.foundation/aat/material/marble
API Endpoint	`https://inheritage.foundation/api/v1/aat/materials/marble`
Total Sites	1
Primary Sites	1
Created	November 20, 2025
Last Updated	November 20, 2025

Material Types

Types	Metamorphic Rock Carbonate Rock Calcite Marble Dolomite Marble Decorative Stone Calcite Dolomite Dolomitic Marble Calcareous Stone Calcareous Rock

Regions

Regions	Rajasthan Gujarat Rajasthan (Makrana) Tamil Nadu (imported) Madhya Pradesh

Historical Context

Time Periods	Mughal Period Modern Construction Rajput Period Mughal Period CE Ancient Period CE Medieval Period CE Rajput Period CE 17th Century CE 18th Century CE 19th Century CE 20th Century CE Qutb Shahi Dynasty 19th century CE Late Medieval Period CE Mughal Period (16th-18th Century CE) Later 17th century CE 18th century CE British Colonial Period 20th century CE British Colonial Period CE Ancient Period Mughal Period (16th-18th century CE) 15th Century CE Modern Period CE Modern Period Mughal Period (1526-1857 CE) Rajput Period (7th-18th century CE) Pre-Mughal Period CE Modern Era Post-Independence India Mughal Period CE - Present Mughal Empire 11th-13th century CE
Dynasties	Mughal Rajput Mauryan Mughal Dynasty Rajput clans Qutb Shahi Qutb Shahi dynasty Asaf Jahi dynasty Maurya Solanki dynasty Rana Dynasty Mughal Empire Rajput kingdoms British Sikh Empire British Empire Solanki Rajput dynasties Mughal dynasty Rajputana kingdoms Holkar Delhi Sultanate Rajput Dynasties Solanki Dynasty

Time Periods

Mughal Period

Modern Construction

Rajput Period

Mughal Period CE

Ancient Period CE

Medieval Period CE

Rajput Period CE

17th Century CE

18th Century CE

19th Century CE

20th Century CE

Qutb Shahi Dynasty

19th century CE

Late Medieval Period CE

Mughal Period (16th-18th Century CE)

Later

17th century CE

18th century CE

British Colonial Period

20th century CE

British Colonial Period CE

Ancient Period

Mughal Period (16th-18th century CE)

15th Century CE

Modern Period CE

Modern Period

Mughal Period (1526-1857 CE)

Rajput Period (7th-18th century CE)

Pre-Mughal Period CE

Modern Era

Post-Independence India

Mughal Period CE - Present

Mughal Empire

11th-13th century CE

Dynasties

Mughal

Rajput

Mauryan

Mughal Dynasty

Rajput clans

Qutb Shahi

Qutb Shahi dynasty

Asaf Jahi dynasty

Maurya

Solanki dynasty

Rana Dynasty

Mughal Empire

Rajput kingdoms

British

Sikh Empire

British Empire

Solanki

Rajput dynasties

Mughal dynasty

Rajputana kingdoms

Holkar

Delhi Sultanate

Rajput Dynasties

Solanki Dynasty

Geographic Sources

Sources	Makrana marble mines Ambaji marble quarries specific geographic sources Makrana mines, Rajasthan Ambaji quarries, Gujarat Makrana mines Ambaji mines Makrana marble mines (Rajasthan) Specific Rajasthan marble quarries Makrana marble mines, Rajasthan Ambaji quarries specific Rajasthan quarries Makrana quarries (Rajasthan) Ambaji quarries (Gujarat) Makrana mines (Rajasthan) specific marble quarries Ambaji marble quarries, Gujarat Ambaji marble mines Rajsamand region Ambaji marble quarries (Gujarat) Other quarries in Rajasthan Ambaji mines, Gujarat Bhedaghat (Madhya Pradesh) specific local sources Makrana quarries Other quarries in Rajasthan, Gujarat

Sources

Makrana marble mines

Ambaji marble quarries

specific geographic sources

Makrana mines, Rajasthan

Ambaji quarries, Gujarat

Makrana mines

Ambaji mines

Makrana marble mines (Rajasthan)

Specific Rajasthan marble quarries

Makrana marble mines, Rajasthan

Ambaji quarries

specific Rajasthan quarries

Makrana quarries (Rajasthan)

Ambaji quarries (Gujarat)

Makrana mines (Rajasthan)

specific marble quarries

Ambaji marble quarries, Gujarat

Ambaji marble mines

Rajsamand region

Ambaji marble quarries (Gujarat)

Other quarries in Rajasthan

Ambaji mines, Gujarat

Bhedaghat (Madhya Pradesh)

specific local sources

Makrana quarries

Other quarries in Rajasthan, Gujarat

Properties

Properties	Compressive strength: 50-150 MPa Density: 2.5-2.8 g/cm³ Porosity: 0.5-3% Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-8 x 10⁻⁶/°C Density: 2.56-2.65 g/cm³ Water absorption: 0.08-0.22% Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-9 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Porosity: <1% Thermal expansion: 6-9 x 10⁻⁶/°C Water absorption: 0.08-0.2% Thermal conductivity: 2.0-3.0 W/mK Compressive strength: 60-120 MPa Porosity: 0.1-1% Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-8 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Compressive strength: 50-100 MPa Water absorption: <0.2% Mohs hardness: 3-4 Porosity: 0.5-2% Thermal conductivity: 2-3 W/mK Compressive Strength: 50-150 MPa Water Absorption: 0.08-0.2% Thermal Expansion: 6-9 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Density: 2.6-2.8 g/cm³ Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-9 x 10^-6 /°C Water absorption: <0.5% Density: 2.56-2.69 g/cm³ Porosity: 0.1-1.0% Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-9 x 10⁻⁶/°C Specific gravity: 2.56-2.65 Compressive strength: 50-200 MPa Density: 2.7 g/cm³ Porosity: 0.5-2.0% Thermal expansion coefficient: Low Specific gravity: 2.5-2.8 Compressive strength: 70-140 MPa Water absorption: 0.2-0.5% Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-8 x 10^-6 /°C Specific gravity: 2.56-2.69 g/cm³ Density: 2600-2800 kg/m³ Thermal expansion: 6-9 x 10^-6 /°C Water absorption: <1% Compressive strength: 50-80 MPa Porosity: 0.5-1% Compressive strength: 60-170 MPa Water absorption: 0.2-0.8% Water absorption: 0.08-0.21% Water absorption: 0.2-1.5% Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-8 x 10^-6/°C Thermal expansion: 6-9 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-9 x 10^-6/°C Water absorption: 0.08-0.20% Density: 2500-2800 kg/m³ Water absorption: 0.1-0.2% Porosity: 0.5-1.5% Thermal expansion coefficient: 4-8 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Density: 2560-2690 kg/m³ Water absorption: 0.05-0.2% Thermal conductivity: 2.8 W/mK Density: 2560-2650 kg/m³

Compressive strength: 50-150 MPa

Density: 2.5-2.8 g/cm³

Porosity: 0.5-3%

Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-8 x 10⁻⁶/°C

Density: 2.56-2.65 g/cm³

Water absorption: 0.08-0.22%

Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-9 x 10⁻⁶ /°C

Porosity: <1%

Thermal expansion: 6-9 x 10⁻⁶/°C

Water absorption: 0.08-0.2%

Thermal conductivity: 2.0-3.0 W/mK

Compressive strength: 60-120 MPa

Porosity: 0.1-1%

Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-8 x 10⁻⁶ /°C

Compressive strength: 50-100 MPa

Water absorption: <0.2%

Mohs hardness: 3-4

Porosity: 0.5-2%

Thermal conductivity: 2-3 W/mK

Compressive Strength: 50-150 MPa

Water Absorption: 0.08-0.2%

Thermal Expansion: 6-9 x 10⁻⁶ /°C

Density: 2.6-2.8 g/cm³

Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-9 x 10^-6 /°C

Water absorption: <0.5%

Density: 2.56-2.69 g/cm³

Porosity: 0.1-1.0%

Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-9 x 10⁻⁶/°C

Specific gravity: 2.56-2.65

Compressive strength: 50-200 MPa

Density: 2.7 g/cm³

Porosity: 0.5-2.0%

Thermal expansion coefficient: Low

Specific gravity: 2.5-2.8

Compressive strength: 70-140 MPa

Water absorption: 0.2-0.5%

Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-8 x 10^-6 /°C

Specific gravity: 2.56-2.69 g/cm³

Density: 2600-2800 kg/m³

Thermal expansion: 6-9 x 10^-6 /°C

Water absorption: <1%

Compressive strength: 50-80 MPa

Porosity: 0.5-1%

Compressive strength: 60-170 MPa

Water absorption: 0.2-0.8%

Water absorption: 0.08-0.21%

Water absorption: 0.2-1.5%

Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-8 x 10^-6/°C

Thermal expansion: 6-9 x 10⁻⁶ /°C

Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-9 x 10^-6/°C

Water absorption: 0.08-0.20%

Density: 2500-2800 kg/m³

Water absorption: 0.1-0.2%

Porosity: 0.5-1.5%

Thermal expansion coefficient: 4-8 x 10⁻⁶ /°C

Density: 2560-2690 kg/m³

Water absorption: 0.05-0.2%

Thermal conductivity: 2.8 W/mK

Density: 2560-2650 kg/m³

Common Uses

Uses	Decorative carvings Flooring Wall cladding Statues Decorative panels Inlay work (Pietra dura) Sculptures Cladding Inlay work Decorative cladding Idol construction Pillars Jalis Inlays Sculpture Decorative elements Facing stones Inlay work (Pietra Dura) Jali screens Idol bases Decorative flooring Wall panels Statuary Carvings Jalis (perforated screens) Floor tiles मूर्ती - Mūrti (Idol) construction Decorative inlays (Pietra dura) Jalis (screens) Tombs Jali work Idols Jalis (Perforated screens) Jali (lattice screen) elements Facing Pillar shafts मूर्ती - Mūrtī (Idols)

Uses

Decorative carvings

Flooring

Wall cladding

Statues

Decorative panels

Inlay work (Pietra dura)

Sculptures

Cladding

Inlay work

Decorative cladding

Idol construction

Pillars

Jalis

Inlays

Sculpture

Decorative elements

Facing stones

Inlay work (Pietra Dura)

Jali screens

Idol bases

Decorative flooring

Wall panels

Statuary

Carvings

Jalis (perforated screens)

Floor tiles

मूर्ती - Mūrti (Idol) construction

Decorative inlays (Pietra dura)

Jalis (screens)

Tombs

Jali work

Idols

Jalis (Perforated screens)

Jali (lattice screen) elements

Facing

Pillar shafts

मूर्ती - Mūrtī (Idols)

Related Materials

Materials	चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) रंग - Raṅga (Pigments) लाख - Lākh (Lac) रंग - Rang (Pigments) रंग - Rang (Natural Pigments) लाख - Lākh (Lac) (for polishing) सुरखी - Surkhi (Brick Dust) सोना - Sonā (Gold) Precious stones (for inlay) Kāshtha (Timber) Lohā (Iron) बालू - Bālū (Sand) गेरू - Geru (Red Ochre) कीमती पत्थर - Kimati Patthar (Precious Stones) Metal Dowels पीतल - Pital (Brass) सोना - Sonā (Gold Leaf) संगमरमर जड़ना - Sangamarmar Jadna (Marble Inlay) Lapis lazuli Lākh (Lac) Gemstones बहुमूल्य पत्थर - Bahumulya Patthar (Precious Stones) संगमरमर धूल - Sangamarmar Dhool (Marble Dust) पीतल - Pītal (Brass) रंग - Raṅg (Paint) तेल - Tel (Oil) रंग - Raṅg (Pigments) Gemstones (for inlay) Lapis Lazuli Gond (Resin) लाख - Lakh (Lac) Gesso लाख - Lākha (Lac) Ratna (Gems) for inlay

Materials

चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar)

रंग - Raṅga (Pigments)

लाख - Lākh (Lac)

रंग - Rang (Pigments)

रंग - Rang (Natural Pigments)

लाख - Lākh (Lac) (for polishing)

सुरखी - Surkhi (Brick Dust)

सोना - Sonā (Gold)

Precious stones (for inlay)

Kāshtha (Timber)

Lohā (Iron)

बालू - Bālū (Sand)

गेरू - Geru (Red Ochre)

कीमती पत्थर - Kimati Patthar (Precious Stones)

Metal Dowels

पीतल - Pital (Brass)

सोना - Sonā (Gold Leaf)

संगमरमर जड़ना - Sangamarmar Jadna (Marble Inlay)

Lapis lazuli

Lākh (Lac)

Gemstones

बहुमूल्य पत्थर - Bahumulya Patthar (Precious Stones)

संगमरमर धूल - Sangamarmar Dhool (Marble Dust)

पीतल - Pītal (Brass)

रंग - Raṅg (Paint)

तेल - Tel (Oil)

रंग - Raṅg (Pigments)

Gemstones (for inlay)

Lapis Lazuli

Gond (Resin)

लाख - Lakh (Lac)

Gesso

लाख - Lākha (Lac)

Ratna (Gems) for inlay

Related Styles

Styles	Mughal architecture Indo-Islamic architecture Modern Temple Architecture Indo-Islamic architecture style Rajput architecture style Mughal architecture style Jain architecture style Rajput architecture Chettinad architecture Jain architecture Deccan architecture style Indo-Nepalese architecture Mughal Architecture Indo-Islamic Architecture Rajput Architecture Indo-Saracenic architecture style Maratha architecture style Modern Indian Temple Architecture Modern architecture Indo-Saracenic Architecture Nagara architecture style Maru-Gurjara architecture style

Styles

Mughal architecture

Indo-Islamic architecture

Modern Temple Architecture

Indo-Islamic architecture style

Rajput architecture style

Mughal architecture style

Jain architecture style

Rajput architecture

Chettinad architecture

Jain architecture

Deccan architecture style

Indo-Nepalese architecture

Mughal Architecture

Indo-Islamic Architecture

Rajput Architecture

Indo-Saracenic architecture style

Maratha architecture style

Modern Indian Temple Architecture

Modern architecture

Indo-Saracenic Architecture

Nagara architecture style

Maru-Gurjara architecture style

Related Categories

Categories	Temple Palace Tomb Mosque Mausoleum Mansion Decorative elements Pond Platform Palaces Tombs Temples Garden Mosques Fort Jain Temple

Conservation Notes

Notes	Susceptible to acid rain Prone to staining Requires gentle cleaning May require polishing Staining from organic matter Requires gentle cleaning with pH-neutral solutions Requires polishing to maintain luster Susceptible to acid attack Requires gentle cleaning methods Susceptible to acid rain and staining. Requires gentle cleaning methods. Avoid abrasive cleaners. Staining Requires regular cleaning and polishing Susceptible to staining from organic materials Protect from abrasion Susceptible to staining and etching from acids Polishing can be used to restore surface luster Susceptible to staining and scratching Acidic cleaning agents should be avoided Susceptible to staining Vulnerable to acid etching Susceptible to acid rain and staining Protection from abrasion Protection from acid rain Use of non-ionic detergents recommended Requires gentle cleaning with neutral pH solutions Requires polishing and sealing Surface erosion Requires cleaning with pH-neutral solutions Iron staining can occur due to oxidation of iron impurities Use of pH-neutral cleaning agents Can stain easily Sensitive to abrasive cleaners Requires gentle cleaning with pH-neutral solutions. Iron staining from oxidation of pyrite inclusions. Acid etching Requires polishing Staining from organic materials Avoid abrasive cleaners Sensitive to acidic cleaning agents Polishing can restore surface luster Susceptible to staining and etching Avoid acidic cleaners Polishing to maintain luster Vulnerable to scratching and abrasion Polishing to restore luster Staining from pollutants Acid sensitivity Prone to etching Susceptible to acid etching Protect from staining agents Susceptible to staining and etching by acids Scratching Requires regular cleaning with mild detergents Acid rain damage Sensitive to acidic substances Can be polished to restore its luster Protection from abrasion and scratching Potential for iron staining Can be damaged by abrasive cleaners Requires non-acidic cleaning agents Efflorescence May require consolidation with compatible materials Requires regular cleaning and sealing Efflorescence can occur due to salt migration Requires gentle cleaning with pH-neutral detergents Protection from pollutants Prone to sugaring (granular disintegration)

Notes

Susceptible to acid rain
Prone to staining
Requires gentle cleaning
May require polishing
Staining from organic matter
Requires gentle cleaning with pH-neutral solutions
Requires polishing to maintain luster
Susceptible to acid attack
Requires gentle cleaning methods
Susceptible to acid rain and staining.
Requires gentle cleaning methods.
Avoid abrasive cleaners.
Staining
Requires regular cleaning and polishing
Susceptible to staining from organic materials
Protect from abrasion
Susceptible to staining and etching from acids
Polishing can be used to restore surface luster
Susceptible to staining and scratching
Acidic cleaning agents should be avoided
Susceptible to staining
Vulnerable to acid etching
Susceptible to acid rain and staining
Protection from abrasion
Protection from acid rain
Use of non-ionic detergents recommended
Requires gentle cleaning with neutral pH solutions
Requires polishing and sealing
Surface erosion
Requires cleaning with pH-neutral solutions
Iron staining can occur due to oxidation of iron impurities
Use of pH-neutral cleaning agents
Can stain easily
Sensitive to abrasive cleaners
Requires gentle cleaning with pH-neutral solutions.
Iron staining from oxidation of pyrite inclusions.
Acid etching
Requires polishing
Staining from organic materials
Avoid abrasive cleaners
Sensitive to acidic cleaning agents
Polishing can restore surface luster
Susceptible to staining and etching
Avoid acidic cleaners
Polishing to maintain luster
Vulnerable to scratching and abrasion
Polishing to restore luster
Staining from pollutants
Acid sensitivity
Prone to etching
Susceptible to acid etching
Protect from staining agents
Susceptible to staining and etching by acids
Scratching
Requires regular cleaning with mild detergents
Acid rain damage
Sensitive to acidic substances
Can be polished to restore its luster
Protection from abrasion and scratching
Potential for iron staining
Can be damaged by abrasive cleaners
Requires non-acidic cleaning agents
Efflorescence
May require consolidation with compatible materials
Requires regular cleaning and sealing
Efflorescence can occur due to salt migration
Requires gentle cleaning with pH-neutral detergents
Protection from pollutants
Prone to sugaring (granular disintegration)

Recommended Sources

Title	Type	Notes
ASI Technical Bulletin	Technical Report	Marble conservation
Indian Stones: Archives of Indian Stones	Journal	Marble types and properties
Indian Stones: A Comprehensive Guide	Book	Geological and technical properties
Marble Mining in Rajasthan	Industry Report	Geology and extraction
Conservation of Marble Monuments	Technical Report	Cleaning and preservation techniques
ASI Conservation Manuals	Technical Report	Marble cleaning and preservation
Indian Minerals Yearbook	Government Publication	Marble production in India
Handbook of Building Materials for Fire Protection	Book	Properties of marble
Geology of Makrana Marble	Geological Survey	Origin and properties
Studies in Indian Art	Book	Marble usage in Mughal architecture
National Museum Conservation Institute Publications	Conservation Guide	Marble conservation
Geology of Rajasthan	Geological Survey	Marble deposits
Archaeological Survey of India Reports	Report	Material analysis of Mughal monuments
Marble Conservation Handbook	Technical Guide	Conservation techniques
The Marble Quarries of Makrana	Article	Geological survey
The Marble of Makrana	Article	Detailed analysis of Makrana marble
Marble Deposits of India	Geological Survey	Marble sources
Makrana Marble: A Geological Study	Geological Survey Report	Marble properties and origin
Marble Deposits of Rajasthan	Geological Survey	Mining and properties
Marble Development and Conservation	Book	Marble properties and conservation
Marble Development and Conservation Rules	Government Regulation	Mining and processing standards
Journal of Archaeological Science	Journal Article	Petrographic analysis of marble
ASI Conservation Manual	Conservation Guide	Marble conservation techniques
Marble Development and Conservation Strategy	Government Report	Marble mining and conservation
Indian Marble: History and Conservation	Book	Marble types and preservation
The Marble of Makrana: A Geological and Historical Study	Academic Journal	Geology and history of Makrana marble
The Geology of Marble Deposits in India	Geological Survey Report	Details on marble formation and properties
Marble Quarries of Rajasthan	Geological Survey	Origin and properties
ASI Guidelines for Stone Conservation	Technical Report	Marble conservation techniques
Marble Quarries of India	Report	Geological and economic analysis
National Museum Institute Conservation Studies	Academic Publication	Marble conservation techniques
Indian Stones: Archives of India A	Journal Article	Marble varieties and uses
Marble Mining in Rajasthan	Industry Report	Geological survey
Geological Survey of India Reports	Report	Marble deposits in India
Studies in Mughal Architecture	Book	Detailed analysis of marble usage
Study on Deterioration of Marble Monuments	Research Paper	Marble conservation
ASI Guidelines for Marble Conservation	Technical Report	Conservation of Marble Structures
Report on Makrana Marble	Geological Survey	Detailed analysis of Makrana marble properties
ASI Technical Bulletin	Technical Report	Marble conservation techniques
Marble Conservation Handbook	Technical Guide	Cleaning and preservation techniques
ASI Technical Bulletin	Technical Report	Marble weathering analysis

Heritage Sites (1)

Site Name	Status	Usage	Confidence
Dilwara Temples Mount Abu	Primary		100%