| Title | சுண்ணாம்புக்கல் - Cuṇṇāmpukkal (Limestone)சுண்ணாம்புக்கல் Cuṇṇāmpukkal |
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| Description | Limestone, a sedimentary rock primarily composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), is used in construction and lime production. Its porosity varies depending on its formation. Specific limestone types in the Jaffna region may contain marine fossils. |
| Tags | चूना पत्थर Chunā Patthar Limestone Sedimentary Calcium Carbonate Sedimentary Rock Lime Quarry Kalaburagi Erosion Gujarat Calcium carbonate Mortar Porbandar Makrana Neelum Valley Chūnā Patthar Katni Jaisalmer Rajasthan Fort Stone Building Stone Chuna Carvings சுண்ணாம்புக்கல் Chunṇāmpukkal Weathering Cuṇṇāmpukkal |
| Material ID | INHFMAT-324717446-20-11-25-CM |
| URI | https://www.inheritage.foundation/aat/material/limestone |
| API Endpoint | https://inheritage.foundation/api/v1/aat/materials/limestone |
| Total Sites | 4 |
| Primary Sites | 0 |
| Created | November 20, 2025 |
| Last Updated | November 20, 2025 |
| Types | Sedimentary Rock Carbonate Rock Calcareous Rock Chemical Sedimentary Rock Natural Stone Calcium Carbonate Biochemical Rock |
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| Regions | Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Andhra Pradesh Sindh Himachal Pradesh Kashmir Valley Neelum Valley Jammu and Kashmir Sri Lanka (Coastal Regions) Northern Province, Sri Lanka |
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| Time Periods | Ancient Period Medieval Period CE 19th Century CE 20th Century CE Bahmani Sultanate Ancient Period BCE Mauryan period Mauryan Period (322-185 BCE) Gupta Period (320-550 CE) Ancient Medieval Ancient times Maurya Empire (322-185 BCE) Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 CE) Mauryan period (322-185 BCE) Mughal period (16th-18th century CE) 6th-12th century CE Early Modern Period Vijayanagara period (14th-17th century CE) Mauryan Empire (322-185 BCE) Rajput Period Mauryan Period Mughal Period Mauryan period (3rd century BCE) Maurya Period (322-185 BCE) 17th century CE Gupta Period (4th-6th century CE) Medieval Period Vijayanagara Period Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646 CE) |
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| Dynasties | Maurya Gupta Rajput Mughal Bahmani Solanki Paramara Mauryan Delhi Sultanate Maurya Dynasty Solanki Dynasty Karkota Dynasty Utpala Dynasty Rajput dynasties Mughal Empire Vijayanagara Various regional dynasties Mewar Dynasty Rajput clans Parmar Rajput Dynasties Nayaka Dynasty Various Nayaka |
| Sources | Rajasthan quarries Katni mines specific geographic sources Rajasthan Limestone Quarries Gujarat Limestone Deposits Local quarries in Tamil Nadu Porbandar quarries Katni quarries Jaisalmer quarries Various quarries in Rajasthan and MP Bikaner quarries Kadapa quarries specific limestone quarries Various quarries in Gujarat Kankar beds along riverbanks Gujarat quarries Madhya Pradesh quarries Porbandar quarries (Gujarat) Jaisalmer quarries (Rajasthan) Kotah quarries Rajasthan quarries (e.g., Jaisalmer) Katni mines (Madhya Pradesh) Kurnool limestone quarries Rajasthan limestone mines Kotputli quarries Sirohi region Limestone quarries Specific geographic sources Local Sindh limestone deposits Katni, Madhya Pradesh Jaisalmer, Rajasthan Makrana mines (Rajasthan) Local limestone deposits in Neelum Valley Specific geological formations in the region Rajasthan limestone quarries Gujarat limestone deposits Local Sindh quarries Kurnool quarries (Andhra Pradesh) Kotputli quarries (Rajasthan) Local limestone deposits near Sudhanoti Local Sindh limestone quarries Kathiawar region, Gujarat Various quarries in Rajasthan Local quarries near Chittorgarh Specific Rajasthan limestone quarries Makrana quarries Specific limestone mines in Rajasthan Gujarat coastal deposits Katni quarries (Madhya Pradesh) Sirohi quarries Jaisalmer mines Local quarries near Madurai Kotputli, Rajasthan various quarries in Gujarat Saurashtra region Bundi region Coastal regions with sedimentary deposits Specific limestone quarries in Sri Lanka Katni limestone quarries Jaisalmer limestone quarries Local deposits in Jaffna Local sedimentary deposits in Sri Lanka Rajasthan quarries (historical) |
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| Properties | Density: 2.6-2.8 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 30-120 MPa Porosity: 5-20% Thermal conductivity: 1.2-1.6 W/mK Compressive strength: 30-100 MPa Calcium Carbonate Content: >90% Density: 2.4-2.7 g/cm³ Compressive Strength: 20-70 MPa Thermal Conductivity: 1.2-1.6 W/mK Compressive strength: 20-80 MPa Porosity: 1-15% Calcium carbonate content: >90% Water absorption: 1-5% Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa Porosity: 5-25% Density: 2.0-2.7 g/cm³ Water absorption: 2-10% Porosity: 1-20% Density: 2.5-2.7 g/cm³ Porosity: 1-10% Water absorption: 0.2-2% Calcium carbonate content: 90-99% Compressive strength: 30-80 MPa Porosity: 1-5% Compressive strength: 20-180 MPa (depending on density) Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-12 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Compressive strength: 20-150 MPa Compressive strength: 20-100 MPa Composition: Primarily CaCO₃ Porosity: Varies depending on type Compressive strength: Varies depending on type Compressive strength: 20-180 MPa Porosity: Up to 20% Compressive strength: 30-60 MPa Soluble in acidic water Compressive strength: 20-180 MPa (depending on type) Water absorption: 2-5% Compressive strength: 30-100 MPa (depending on type) Porosity: 5-30% Thermal conductivity: 1.26-1.33 W/mK Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-10 x 10^-6 /°C Compressive strength: 20-60 MPa Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) content: >90% Calcium Carbonate content: >90% Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa Water absorption: 0.2-2.0% Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-10 x 10⁻⁶/°C Compressive strength: 10-100 MPa Solubility in acidic water Water absorption: 0.2-7.5% Porosity: 5-15% Thermal expansion coefficient: 6-9 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Compressive strength: 20-180 MPa (highly variable) Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃) content: >90% Water absorption: 0.2-5% |
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| Uses | Foundation stones Load-bearing walls Decorative carvings Lime production Lime Production Mortar Aggregate Wall Cladding Flooring Wall construction Sculptural elements Walls Ornamental carvings Mortar aggregate Sculptures Production of चूना - Chunā (Lime) Paving Building blocks Lime production (Chunā) Foundation Lime production (after calcination) Wall cladding Raw material for lime production Building stone (less common in Mundeshwari) Wall construction (less common in Jaisalmer) Aggregate in mortar Foundation material Structural elements Architectural details Structural walls Decorative elements Mortar production Cladding Ornamental features Floor tiles Lime plaster Source material for lime |
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| Materials | चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) सुरखी - Surkhi (Brick Dust) Kankar (Lime Nodules) Bajri (Gravel) ईंट - Īnt (Brick) चूना - Chunā (Lime) कंकड़ - Kankar (Lime Nodules) रेत - Ret (Sand) Kankar (for lime production) रेती - Retī (Sand) Bājri (Gravel) कंकड़ - Kankar (Gravel) पानी - Pānī (Water) कंकड़ - Kankar (Kankar) बजरी - Bajri (Aggregate) Kankar गुड़ - Guṛ (Jaggery) Kāshtha (Wood) बलुआ पत्थर - Baluā Patthar (Sandstone) बजरी - Bajri (Gravel) சுண்ணாம்புச் சாந்து - Chunāmbuch chāndhu (Lime Mortar) செங்கல் தூள் - Ceṅkal tūḷ (Brick Powder) சுண்ணாம்புச் சாந்து - Cuṇṇāmpuc cāntu (Lime Mortar) செங்கல் - Ceṅkal (Brick) சுர்க்கி - Curkki (Surkhi) |
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| Styles | Nagara architecture style Dravidian architecture style Indo-Islamic architecture Indo-Islamic Architecture Regional Architecture Chettinad architecture Indo-Islamic architecture style Chalukya architecture style Solanki architecture style Regional vernacular architecture Temple architecture Mauryan architecture Gupta architecture Mauryan architecture style Gupta architecture style Regional styles of Gujarat and Rajasthan Solanki architecture Regional variations of Hindu temple architecture Rajput architecture style Kashmiri Temple Architecture Regional temple architecture Regional Sindh architecture Vijayanagara architecture style Regional temple architecture styles Rajput architecture Mughal architecture Regional architecture styles Temple architecture styles Maurya architecture style |
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| Categories | Temple Fort Stepwell Mosque Palace Mansion Tomb Well Dam Stupa Pillar Havelis Temples Wells Monastery Stepwells Residential Buildings Public buildings Water tank Water structures Cave Water Structures |
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| Notes |
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| Title | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| ASI Technical Bulletin | Technical Report | Material analysis |
| Indian Minerals Yearbook | Government Report | Limestone production and properties |
| Geological Survey of India Reports | Technical Report | Limestone deposits in Tamil Nadu |
| Geology of Building Stones | Book | Limestone characteristics |
| Building Limes in India | Technical Publication | Properties and applications |
| Archaeological Chemistry: Materials, Methods, and Meaning | Book | Limestone analysis in archaeological contexts |
| Lime Production Techniques in India | Historical Document | Traditional methods |
| Indian Geological Survey Reports | Geological Survey | Limestone deposits in India |
| Archaeological Survey of India Reports | Report | Limestone usage in ancient structures |
| Building Stones of India | Book | Geological survey |
| Archaeological Chemistry | Book | Limestone analysis |
| Indian Minerals Yearbook | Government Publication | Limestone resources |
| Geological Survey of India Reports | Geological Survey | Limestone deposits in Rajasthan |
| Building Limes in India | Technical Report | Limestone types and uses |
| ASI Technical Bulletin | Technical Report | Material analysis |
| Ancient Indian Building Materials | Book | Properties and uses of limestone |
| Archaeological Chemistry | Book | Material degradation |
| Archaeological Survey of India Reports | Report | Material analysis of monuments |
| Building Stones of India | Book | Geological survey report |
| Ancient Indian Building Materials | Book | Detailed analysis of limestone usage |
| Building Limes in India: Production, Properties and Use | Book | Limestone properties and applications |
| Geological Survey of India Reports | Geological Report | Limestone deposits in India |
| Building Limes in India | Book | Limestone properties and uses |
| Site Name | Status | Usage | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Naguleswaram Temple Keerimalai Jaffna Sri Lanka | Secondary | 100% | |
| Nainativu Nagapooshani Amman Temple Nainativu Jaffna Sri Lanka | Secondary | 100% | |
| Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil Jaffna Sri Lanka | Secondary | 100% | |
| Thiruketheeswaram Temple Mannar Sri Lanka | Secondary | 100% |