| Title | வெட்டுக்கல் - Veṭṭukkal (Laterite)வெட்டுக்கல் Veṭṭukkal |
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| Description | Laterite is a soil and rock type rich in iron and aluminum, formed in hot and wet tropical areas. It is porous and relatively soft when quarried but hardens upon exposure to air. Used for walls and foundations. |
| Tags | laterite Iron Aluminum Tropical soil Hardening Laterite Chenkallu Red Soil Kerala Architecture Quarry इष्टिका Ishtikā Stone Masonry Red Stone Erosion जलोढ़ मृत्तिका Jalodh Mrittika जांभा Jāmbhā Porous Stone Maharashtra Fort Pāshāna Odisha Tropical Soil Coastal Construction Weathering Goa Coastal Iron-rich stone Odisha architecture Tropical building material Iron Oxide Kerala Stone पाषाण मृत्तिका Pāshān Mrittikā Iron-rich Building Block Pāshāna Mrittikā Soil Bengal पाषाणभेद Pāshānabheda पाषाणमृत्तिका Pāshānamrittikā Ironstone मृत्तिका पाषाण Mrittika Pāshāna Iron oxide Porous लॅटेराइट Lॅṭerāiṭa Brick लेटराइट Laterait Laterāiṭa Building Material Kerala Porosity Lateritic Stone Jharkhand Tropical Western Ghats Deccan लैटेराइट Laiṭerā'iṭa Laiterāit Moorum Laiṭerāiṭ Rock Laiterāiṭa Coastal India Murrum Iron-rich soil Building block Udayagiri Laitērāiṭa Laterite Stone Sedimentary Rock Vellore Laiṭerāiṭa Wall शिला Shilā Cemmaṇ Red செம்மண் Insulation வெட்டுக்கல் Veṭṭukkal |
| Material ID | INHFMAT-673011964-20-11-25-VT |
| URI | https://www.inheritage.foundation/aat/material/laterite |
| API Endpoint | https://inheritage.foundation/api/v1/aat/materials/laterite |
| Total Sites | 1 |
| Primary Sites | 0 |
| Created | November 20, 2025 |
| Last Updated | November 20, 2025 |
| Types | Soil Rock Sedimentary Rock Weathered Rock Iron-rich Rock Soil Rock Natural Stone Sedimentary |
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| Regions | Kerala Karnataka Maharashtra Goa Coastal regions of India Odisha West Bengal Jharkhand Tamil Nadu Coastal Karnataka Parts of Chhattisgarh Cambodia Chhattisgarh Southeast Asia Tropical regions Thailand Andhra Pradesh Telangana Coastal Odisha |
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| Time Periods | Ancient times Medieval Period CE Colonial Period 18th Century CE 19th Century CE 17th century CE 18th century CE Ancient times onwards Maratha Period Modern Period CE Ancient Period Vijayanagara Empire (14th-17th century CE) Vijayanagara Period Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646 CE) Vijayanagara Empire (14th-17th centuries CE) Medieval Period (8th-18th centuries CE) Early Historic Period Vijayanagara period Colonial period Vijayanagara Empire Medieval Period Not primary material at Prambanan, but potentially used in secondary structures or foundations Early Chalukya Dynasty (6th-8th century CE) Ancient Period CE 14th-17th century CE 16th century CE Colonial Period CE Ancient Medieval British Colonial Period Nayaka Period CE |
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| Dynasties | Kadamba Vijayanagara Travancore British East India Company Various dynasties of South India Maratha Ganga Dynasty Eastern Chalukya Dynasty Vijayanagara Empire Nayakas Kadamba Dynasty Eastern Ganga Dynasty Portuguese Malla dynasty (Bengal) Chera Kadamba dynasty Chola Cochin Royal Family Travancore Royal Family Regional Dynasties Shilahara Nayaka Maratha Empire Kakatiya dynasty Local chieftains Various local dynasties Nayaka Dynasty regional kingdoms Chalukya Ganga dynasty Eastern Ganga dynasty Vijayanagara dynasty Gajapati dynasty Qutb Shahi dynasty Qutb Shahi Cochin |
| Sources | Lateritic formations in Western Ghats Specific regional quarries Quarries in Kerala's midlands Specific laterite formations in coastal Karnataka Laterite quarries in Kerala Local laterite quarries in coastal Kerala Local quarries in coastal Karnataka Coastal Maharashtra quarries Goa plateaus Coastal Odisha Laterite Beds Specific Laterite Quarries in Mayurbhanj Coastal Kerala quarries Lateritic plateaus of Karnataka Coastal Goa quarries Ratnagiri district quarries Coastal Odisha quarries Specific laterite formations in Ganjam district Local quarries in Goa Coastal regions of Maharashtra Coastal regions of Karnataka Local laterite quarries Surface deposits Birbhum district (West Bengal) Coastal Karnataka Specific laterite formations in Western Ghats Specific laterite formations near Vaikom Lateritic plateaus in Goa Local laterite quarries in Chhattisgarh and surrounding regions specific geographic sources Local quarries near Gingee Laterite formations in Tamil Nadu Coastal regions of Kerala Ratnagiri, Maharashtra Goa mines Local quarries in Kerala Laterite quarries in Jharkhand Coastal regions of India Coastal regions of Western Ghats Specific geographic sources Lateritic plateaus of Kerala Coastal Karnataka quarries Specific laterite quarries in Goa Karnataka plateau regions Local quarries Coastal regions of Karnataka and Kerala Ratnagiri district (Maharashtra) Coastal regions of Kerala and Karnataka specific laterite quarries Specific laterite quarries Local quarries in coastal regions Local laterite deposits in Janjgir-Champa district Goa Local laterite quarries near Dantewada Lateritic soil deposits in Bastar region Local quarries and pits in laterite regions Goa plateau Specific laterite formations in Odisha Local quarries and soil deposits Specific laterite plateaus Laterite plateaus Local soil deposits Laterite plateaus in coastal regions Tropical regions Specific local quarries Local quarries in laterite-rich regions Coastal Odisha deposits Specific laterite quarries in Odisha Specific geographic sources in Odisha Coastal quarries Lateritic plateaus Local laterite quarries near Udayagiri Local quarries near Hyderabad Local quarries near Vellore Lateritic soil deposits specific laterite plateaus Local quarries in Jharkhand Local quarries and soil deposits in laterite regions Laterite formations in Kerala Laterite quarries in Goa Lateritic soil deposits in West Bengal Specific geographic locations Laterite mines in coastal Karnataka Laterite quarries in Tamil Nadu Kerala laterite mines Local quarries around Palani Specific laterite deposits |
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| Properties | Compressive strength: 5-20 MPa Porosity: High Density: 1800-2200 kg/m³ Iron content: High Density: 1.8-2.2 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 2-10 MPa (air-dried) Porosity: 30-50% Thermal conductivity: 0.2-0.6 W/mK Compressive strength: 2-20 MPa Porosity: 20-40% Water absorption: 15-25% Compressive strength: 2-10 MPa Iron oxide content: 30-60% Compressive strength: 2-20 MPa, Density: 1.8-2.2 g/cm³, Porosity: 30-60%, Iron content: High Density: 1.6-1.9 g/cm³ Porosity: 30-60% Density: 1.8-2.5 g/cm³ Thermal conductivity: 0.29 W/mK Density: 1.6-2.0 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 2-10 MPa (fresh), 20-40 MPa (seasoned) Compressive strength: 2-20 MPa (after hardening) Porosity: 40-60% High iron content (20-60%) Compressive strength: 2-10 MPa (dry) Thermal conductivity: 0.5-0.8 W/mK Porosity: 20-50% Thermal conductivity: 0.5-1.0 W/mK High iron and aluminum content Compressive strength: 2-20 MPa (air-dried) Density: 1.6-2.2 g/cm³ Porosity: 20-30% Iron oxide content: 20-60% Compressive strength: 2-10 MPa (unconfined) High iron content Compressive strength: 2-20 MPa (fresh), up to 40 MPa (seasoned) Compressive strength: 2-10 MPa (fresh), up to 20 MPa (seasoned) Compressive strength: 2-20 MPa (variable) Compressive strength: 2-20 MPa (depending on iron content) High iron oxide content Compressive strength: 2-20 MPa (varies with composition) Water absorption: 20-40% Water absorption: 20-30% Porous structure Compressive strength: 2-20 MPa (varies with iron content) Density: 1.4-1.8 g/cm³ Mineral composition: Goethite, hematite, gibbsite, kaolinite Iron content: 20-60% High iron oxide content (up to 60%) Porosity: 20-60% Density: 1600-1900 kg/m³ Compressive strength: 2-10 MPa (variable) Iron content: 30-60% High iron and aluminum oxide content Compressive strength: 2-5 MPa Porosity: 30-40% Compressive strength: Variable, up to 10 MPa Compressive strength: 2-10 MPa (fresh), 10-30 MPa (seasoned) Water absorption: High Specific gravity: 1.8-2.5 g/cm³ Compressive strength (air-dried): 2-10 MPa |
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| Uses | Load-bearing walls Foundation Paving Foundation stones Well construction Compound walls Steps Walls Foundations Well lining Boundary walls Fortification walls Plinth construction Road Sub-base Road construction Well linings Foundation blocks Retaining walls Exterior cladding Wall construction Foundation material Road paving Building blocks Infill material Foundation plinths Plinth Brick-making Road sub-base Foundation walls Paving blocks Brick substitute Secondary walls Unpaved roads Foundation fill Substructure material Not typically used for primary structural elements in temples Road Paving Secondary structural elements Brick making Foundation filling Core material for walls Rough masonry Substructure construction Simple dwellings Simple structures |
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| Materials | चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) Kāshtha (Wood) ചൂനാമ്ബ് - Chūnāmb (Lime) മണൽ - Maṇal (Sand) Teak wood सुरखी - Surkhi (Brick Dust) कषायम् - Kashāyam (Herbal Concoctions) कंकड़ - Kankar (Lime Nodules) Kāshtha (Wood) for scaffolding कौडी - Kaudi (Seashell Lime) कषाय - Kashāya (Herbal Concoctions) काष्ठ - Kāshtha (Wood) कषाय - Kashāya (Herbal Extracts) लकड़ी - Lakadi (Wood) कंकड़ - Kankar (Kankar) मिट्टी - Mitti (Mud) Kāshtha (Timber) मिट्टी - Mittī (Mud) मिट्टी - Miṭṭī (Mud) ईंट - Īnt (Brick) लकड़ी - Lakadee (Wood) मृत्तिका - Mr̥ttikā (Mud Mortar) मिट्टी - Mittī (Mud) plaster Jute fibers for reinforcement जल - Jala (Water) சுண்ணாம்பு - Cunnāmpu (Lime) Mud mortar சுண்ணாம்புச் சாந்து - Cuṇṇāmpuc cāntu (Lime Mortar) மரம் - Maram (Wood) மண் சாந்து - Maṇ cāntu (Mud Mortar) |
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| Styles | Kerala architecture Goan architecture Kerala architecture style Kerala Temple Architecture Colonial architecture Vernacular architecture Dravidian architecture style Maratha architecture style Deccan architecture style Odisha Temple Architecture Vernacular Architecture Coastal architecture Kalinga architecture Vernacular architecture of coastal India Goan temple architecture Goan architecture style Coastal architecture style Colonial architecture style Bengal temple architecture Kalinga architecture style Regional vernacular architecture Temple architecture in coastal regions Temple architecture in laterite-rich regions Vijayanagara architecture Colonial Bungalow architecture Vijayanagara architecture style Regional Bastar architecture Deccan architecture Bengal architecture style Rural construction Secondary structures Southeast Asian temple architecture Odisha temple architecture Bengal Temple Architecture |
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| Categories | Temple Church House Fort Residential Buildings Residential Palace Residential buildings Water Tank Wells Fortifications Rural Housing Foundation Substructure Wall Well |
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| Notes |
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| Title | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Geology of Laterite | Book | Formation and properties |
| Geological Survey of India Reports | Geological Survey | Laterite formation and properties |
| Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council Reports | Technical Report | Laterite properties and applications |
| Geological Survey of India Reports | Geological Survey | Laterite formation and properties |
| Geological Survey of India Reports | Geological Survey | Laterite formation and properties |
| Geology of Goa | Book | Laterite formation and properties |
| Building Materials and Construction | Textbook | Laterite properties and uses |
| Geological Survey of India Reports | Geological Survey | Laterite formation and properties |
| Geological Survey of India Reports | Geological Survey | Laterite formation and properties |
| Building Materials and Construction | Textbook | Properties and uses of laterite |
| Building with Laterite | Book | Technical guide on laterite construction |
| Building Materials and Construction | Journal Article | Properties and uses of laterite |
| Geological Survey of India Reports | Geological Survey | Laterite formations in Tamil Nadu |
| Geological Survey of India Reports | Geological Survey | Laterite formation and properties |
| Geological Survey of India Reports | Geological Survey | Laterite formation and properties |
| Laterite Soil Engineering | Technical Paper | Geotechnical properties |
| Building with Laterite | Book | Construction techniques |
| Studies in Laterite Soil | Academic Paper | Composition and properties of laterite |
| ASI Technical Bulletin | Technical Report | Material analysis |
| Geological Survey of India Reports | Geological Survey | Laterite formation and properties |
| Building Materials of India | Book | Laterite construction techniques |
| Building Materials and Construction | Textbook | Laterite properties and uses |
| CPWD Handbook | Construction Manual | Laterite construction techniques |
| Journal of Earth System Science | Journal Article | Laterite formation and properties |
| Geological Survey of India Reports | Geological Survey | Laterite formation and properties |
| Building Materials and Construction | Textbook | Laterite properties and uses |
| Laterite Soil Studies | Soil Science Report | Geotechnical properties |
| Building Materials of India | Book | Laterite properties and applications |
| ASI Technical Bulletin | Technical Report | Material analysis |
| Laterite Stone in Indian Architecture | Journal Article | Case studies of laterite use |
| CPWD Handbook | Construction Manual | Laterite construction |
| Building with Laterite | Book | Laterite construction techniques |
| Laterite Soils of India | Book | Formation and properties |
| Geological Survey of India Reports | Technical Report | Laterite formation and properties |
| Building Materials and Construction | Textbook | Laterite properties and uses |
| Soil Survey of India Reports | Soil Survey | Laterite soils in India |
| Central Building Research Institute Reports | Research Publication | Laterite properties and stabilization |
| Laterite Soil Engineering | Book | Geotechnical properties |
| Building Materials and Construction | Textbook | Laterite properties and uses |
| ASI Technical Bulletin | Technical Report | Material analysis |
| Geological Survey of India Reports | Geological Survey | Laterite formation and properties |
| Building with Laterite | Technical Report | Properties and uses |
| Geological Survey of India Reports | Geological Survey | Laterite deposits in Tamil Nadu |
| CPWD Handbook | Construction Manual | Use of Laterite in Construction |
| Site Name | Status | Usage | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kundankuzhi Mahadevar Temple Nagercoil | Secondary | 100% |