पक्व ईंट - Pakva Īnt (Fired Brick) | Inheritage Foundation Art & Architecture Thesaurus | Inheritage Foundation

Title	पक्व ईंट - Pakva Īnt (Fired Brick) पक्व ईंट Pakva Īnt
Description	Pakva Īnt (Fired Brick) is made from clay fired at temperatures between 900-1100°C. It exhibits compressive strength ranging from 10-35 MPa and a density of 1600-2000 kg/m³. The color varies based on clay composition and firing conditions.
Tags	इष्टिका Ishtika Brick Clay Kiln Masonry Terracotta Fired Brick Firing Ishtikā Brick Kiln Brickwork Fired Clay पक्का Pakkā Fired Ceramic पक्का इष्टिका Pakkā Ishtikā Burnt Brick Kiln-fired Brick Burnt Clay Burnt Pakkā Iṣṭikā पक्का ईंट Pakkā Īnt ईंट Īnt Yamchun पक्की ईंट Pakki Īnt पक्व इष्टिका Pakva Ishtika पक्व Pakva Salt Efflorescence Pakva Iṣṭikā Pakva Īnt Clay Brick पक्व ईंट
Material ID	`INHFMAT-357376810-20-11-25-PB`
URI	https://www.inheritage.foundation/aat/material/fired-brick
API Endpoint	`https://inheritage.foundation/api/v1/aat/materials/fired-brick`
Total Sites	5
Primary Sites	4
Created	November 20, 2025
Last Updated	November 20, 2025

Material Types

Types	Ceramic Clay Product Artificial Stone Fired Clay Ceramic Material Clay Brick Terracotta

Regions

Regions	Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Bengal Punjab West Bengal Gujarat Indus Valley Gangetic Plains Indus Valley Civilization Bihar Tamil Nadu South India Haryana Karnataka Khatlon Region, Tajikistan Indo-Gangetic Plain Central Asia Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region Gandhara region Kabul region, Afghanistan Indus Valley Civilization sites Gangetic plains widespread in Uzbekistan Tajikistan Baghlan Province, Afghanistan

Rajasthan

Uttar Pradesh

Bengal

Punjab

West Bengal

Gujarat

Indus Valley

Gangetic Plains

Indus Valley Civilization

Bihar

Tamil Nadu

South India

Haryana

Karnataka

Khatlon Region, Tajikistan

Indo-Gangetic Plain

Central Asia

Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region

Gandhara region

Kabul region, Afghanistan

Indus Valley Civilization sites

Gangetic plains

widespread in Uzbekistan

Tajikistan

Baghlan Province, Afghanistan

Historical Context

Time Periods	3rd century BCE Medieval Period CE Gupta Period Mauryan Period (322-185 BCE) Gupta Period (320-550 CE) Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 CE) Mughal Period Indus Valley Civilization Delhi Sultanate Kushan Empire Gupta Period CE Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1700 BCE) 3300-1700 BCE (Indus Valley Civilization) Mauryan Period Maurya Period Kushana Empire (30-375 CE) Kushan Empire (30-375 CE) 3rd millennium BCE 3rd century BCE (Mauryan Period) Ancient Times Kushan Period (1st-3rd century CE) Hellenistic Period (3rd-2nd century BCE) Harappan Civilization (2600-1900 BCE) Kushan Empire (1st-3rd century CE) 2nd-5th century CE Maurya Period (322-185 BCE) 3rd century BCE onwards Mauryan Empire (322-185 BCE) 3rd century BCE - Present Mauryan Empire 16th-19th century CE Kushan Period (1st-5th century CE)
Dynasties	Maurya Gupta Delhi Sultanate Mauryan Kushana Mughal Kushan Mauryan Dynasty Gupta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Kushana Dynasty Kushan Dynasty Chola Gupta Empire Vijayanagara Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Kushan Empire Indus Valley Civilization Maurya Dynasty Local Tajik rulers

Time Periods

3rd century BCE

Medieval Period CE

Gupta Period

Mauryan Period (322-185 BCE)

Gupta Period (320-550 CE)

Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 CE)

Mughal Period

Indus Valley Civilization

Delhi Sultanate

Kushan Empire

Gupta Period CE

Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1700 BCE)

3300-1700 BCE (Indus Valley Civilization)

Mauryan Period

Maurya Period

Kushana Empire (30-375 CE)

Kushan Empire (30-375 CE)

3rd millennium BCE

3rd century BCE (Mauryan Period)

Ancient Times

Kushan Period (1st-3rd century CE)

Hellenistic Period (3rd-2nd century BCE)

Harappan Civilization (2600-1900 BCE)

Kushan Empire (1st-3rd century CE)

2nd-5th century CE

Maurya Period (322-185 BCE)

3rd century BCE onwards

Mauryan Empire (322-185 BCE)

3rd century BCE - Present

Mauryan Empire

16th-19th century CE

Kushan Period (1st-5th century CE)

Dynasties

Maurya

Gupta

Delhi Sultanate

Mauryan

Kushana

Mughal

Kushan

Mauryan Dynasty

Gupta Dynasty

Pala Dynasty

Kushana Dynasty

Kushan Dynasty

Chola

Gupta Empire

Vijayanagara

Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

Kushan Empire

Indus Valley Civilization

Maurya Dynasty

Local Tajik rulers

Geographic Sources

Sources	Brick kilns near riverbeds Alluvial plains Local clay pits Brick kilns near settlements Alluvial clay deposits Brick kilns Ganga River basin clay deposits Indus Valley clay deposits specific regional clay pits Specific clay deposits in alluvial plains Local clay deposits Brick kilns near urban centers Local clay pits near settlements Riverbanks Brick kilns near clay deposits Specific brick manufacturing sites Specific clay deposits Clay deposits near riverbeds Gangetic plains clay deposits Gangetic plains Local clay pits near brick kilns Clay quarries Local clay kilns Clay pits near rivers Clay deposits Brick kilns near riverbeds with alluvial clay deposits Clay deposits in alluvial plains Clay quarries near brick kilns Brick kilns near riverbeds with suitable clay deposits Clay quarries near riverbanks Local brick kilns Local kilns near Takhti Sangin, using clay from the Oxus River basin Local clay pits near Yamchun specific geographic sources Local brick kilns near Qala-i Khumb Local clay pits near Hadda Local clay deposits near Shotorak Local kilns near Hisor Local clay deposits near Mes Aynak Local clay pits near Baghlan

Sources

Brick kilns near riverbeds

Alluvial plains

Local clay pits

Brick kilns near settlements

Alluvial clay deposits

Brick kilns

Ganga River basin clay deposits

Indus Valley clay deposits

specific regional clay pits

Specific clay deposits in alluvial plains

Local clay deposits

Brick kilns near urban centers

Local clay pits near settlements

Riverbanks

Brick kilns near clay deposits

Specific brick manufacturing sites

Specific clay deposits

Clay deposits near riverbeds

Gangetic plains clay deposits

Gangetic plains

Local clay pits near brick kilns

Clay quarries

Local clay kilns

Clay pits near rivers

Clay deposits

Brick kilns near riverbeds with alluvial clay deposits

Clay deposits in alluvial plains

Clay quarries near brick kilns

Brick kilns near riverbeds with suitable clay deposits

Clay quarries near riverbanks

Local brick kilns

Local kilns near Takhti Sangin, using clay from the Oxus River basin

Local clay pits near Yamchun

specific geographic sources

Local brick kilns near Qala-i Khumb

Local clay pits near Hadda

Local clay deposits near Shotorak

Local kilns near Hisor

Local clay deposits near Mes Aynak

Local clay pits near Baghlan

Properties

Properties	Compressive strength: 15-30 MPa Water absorption: 10-20% Density: 1600-1900 kg/m³ Thermal conductivity: 0.6-0.8 W/mK Density: 1600-2200 kg/m³ Density: 1600-1800 kg/m³ Thermal conductivity: 0.6-1.0 W/mK Compressive strength: 10-35 MPa Water absorption: 5-20% Water absorption: 15-20% Porosity: 15-25% Density: 1800-2000 kg/m³ Firing temperature: 900-1100°C Density: 1600-2000 kg/m³ Density: 1.6-2.0 g/cm³ Firing temperature: 800-1100°C Compressive Strength: 10-35 MPa Water Absorption: 10-20% Thermal Conductivity: 0.6-1.0 W/mK Compressive strength: 15-40 MPa Density: 1800-2200 kg/m³ Porosity: 10-20% Water absorption: 5-15% Porosity: 8-15% Water absorption: 5-12% Porosity: 5-15% Water absorption: 8-20% Compressive strength: 15-70 MPa Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa Density: 1.8-2.0 g/cm³ Firing temperature: 800-1000°C Density: 1.6-2.2 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 10-70 MPa Compressive Strength: 15-35 MPa Thermal Conductivity: 0.6-0.8 W/mK Compressive strength: 15-25 MPa Porosity: 15-20% Water absorption: 10-15% Compressive strength: 10-40 MPa Density: 1.8-2.2 g/cm³

Compressive strength: 15-30 MPa

Water absorption: 10-20%

Density: 1600-1900 kg/m³

Thermal conductivity: 0.6-0.8 W/mK

Density: 1600-2200 kg/m³

Density: 1600-1800 kg/m³

Thermal conductivity: 0.6-1.0 W/mK

Compressive strength: 10-35 MPa

Water absorption: 5-20%

Water absorption: 15-20%

Porosity: 15-25%

Density: 1800-2000 kg/m³

Firing temperature: 900-1100°C

Density: 1600-2000 kg/m³

Density: 1.6-2.0 g/cm³

Firing temperature: 800-1100°C

Compressive Strength: 10-35 MPa

Water Absorption: 10-20%

Thermal Conductivity: 0.6-1.0 W/mK

Compressive strength: 15-40 MPa

Density: 1800-2200 kg/m³

Porosity: 10-20%

Water absorption: 5-15%

Porosity: 8-15%

Water absorption: 5-12%

Porosity: 5-15%

Water absorption: 8-20%

Compressive strength: 15-70 MPa

Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa

Density: 1.8-2.0 g/cm³

Firing temperature: 800-1000°C

Density: 1.6-2.2 g/cm³

Compressive strength: 10-70 MPa

Compressive Strength: 15-35 MPa

Thermal Conductivity: 0.6-0.8 W/mK

Compressive strength: 15-25 MPa

Porosity: 15-20%

Water absorption: 10-15%

Compressive strength: 10-40 MPa

Density: 1.8-2.2 g/cm³

Common Uses

Uses	Load-bearing walls Vaults Paving Facing Vaulted roofs Facing material Ornamental brickwork Ornamental facades Arches Pavements Linings Drainage systems Arches and vaults Decorative facades Vaulting Foundations Vaulting and arches Walls Wall construction Stupa construction Vaults and arches

Related Materials

Materials	चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) सुरखी - Surkhi (Brick Dust) Kankar (Lime Nodules) Chunā (Lime Mortar) Surkhi (Brick Dust) Kāshtha (Wood) मृत्तिका - Mrittikā (Clay) कंकड़ - Kankar (Lime Nodules) बालू - Bālū (Sand) Bajri (Aggregate) लोहा - Lohā (Iron) (for reinforcement) जल - Jala (Water) बजरी - Bajri (Gravel) गाारा - Gāra (Mud Mortar)

Materials

चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar)

सुरखी - Surkhi (Brick Dust)

Kankar (Lime Nodules)

Chunā (Lime Mortar)

Surkhi (Brick Dust)

Kāshtha (Wood)

मृत्तिका - Mrittikā (Clay)

कंकड़ - Kankar (Lime Nodules)

बालू - Bālū (Sand)

Bajri (Aggregate)

लोहा - Lohā (Iron) (for reinforcement)

जल - Jala (Water)

बजरी - Bajri (Gravel)

गाारा - Gāra (Mud Mortar)

Related Styles

Styles	Bengal architecture style Indo-Islamic architecture style Bengal terracotta temple architecture Bengal Sultanate architecture Indo-Islamic architecture Bengal terracotta temples Bengal terracotta architecture Bengal architecture Regional vernacular styles Gandhara architecture Early Buddhist architecture Indus Valley architecture Buddhist stupas Gupta architecture Classical Indian architecture Temple architecture Vijayanagara architecture Colonial architecture Buddhist architecture Mauryan architecture Dravidian architecture style Greco-Bactrian architecture Kushan architecture Indus Valley architecture style Gandhara architecture style Gupta temples

Styles

Bengal architecture style

Indo-Islamic architecture style

Bengal terracotta temple architecture

Bengal Sultanate architecture

Indo-Islamic architecture

Bengal terracotta temples

Bengal terracotta architecture

Bengal architecture

Regional vernacular styles

Gandhara architecture

Early Buddhist architecture

Indus Valley architecture

Buddhist stupas

Gupta architecture

Classical Indian architecture

Temple architecture

Vijayanagara architecture

Colonial architecture

Buddhist architecture

Mauryan architecture

Dravidian architecture style

Greco-Bactrian architecture

Kushan architecture

Indus Valley architecture style

Gandhara architecture style

Gupta temples

Related Categories

Categories	Temple Fort Stupa Residential Palace Mosque Tomb Temples Forts Residential buildings Stupas Residential Buildings Stepwell Monastery Vihara Public baths Viharas Fortifications Wells Stepwells Monasteries Urban dwellings Public infrastructure Bridge Archaeological Site Fortification Residential structures Buildings Pavements Public structures Religious structures

Conservation Notes

Notes	Susceptible to salt efflorescence Requires breathable lime-based pointing Avoid cement-based repairs Requires breathable lime-based repointing Vulnerable to freeze-thaw cycles Requires breathable lime-based repointing mortars Protect from rising damp Protection from rising damp Requires breathable mortars Requires breathable lime-based mortars for repair Susceptible to salt attack Efflorescence removal Vulnerable to water damage Requires repointing with lime mortar Use desalination treatments Requires breathable mortar for repairs Vulnerable to freeze-thaw cycles in colder climates Avoid cement-based pointing Damage from rising damp Cracking due to thermal stress Requires compatible mortar for repairs Cracking due to freeze-thaw cycles Damage from freeze-thaw cycles in colder climates Requires well-drained foundations Repair with compatible clay bricks and lime mortar Avoid using cement-based mortars Vulnerable to cracking due to thermal stress Requires repointing of mortar joints Efflorescence can cause surface damage Requires desalination and pointing with lime mortar Requires desalination treatments Erosion due to wind and rain Requires repointing Prone to cracking Requires breathable mortar for repointing Requires breathable mortars for repair Protection from water damage is crucial Requires breathable mortars for repointing Potential for cracking due to thermal stress Susceptible to salt attack and cracking Requires repointing with compatible mortar Susceptible to salt attack and freeze-thaw damage Susceptible to salt attack and efflorescence Damage from freeze-thaw cycles Requires proper drainage Erosion of surface Replacement with compatible bricks Erosion of brick surface Requires careful mortar matching for repairs Erosion due to weathering

Notes

Susceptible to salt efflorescence
Requires breathable lime-based pointing
Avoid cement-based repairs
Requires breathable lime-based repointing
Vulnerable to freeze-thaw cycles
Requires breathable lime-based repointing mortars
Protect from rising damp
Protection from rising damp
Requires breathable mortars
Requires breathable lime-based mortars for repair
Susceptible to salt attack
Efflorescence removal
Vulnerable to water damage
Requires repointing with lime mortar
Use desalination treatments
Requires breathable mortar for repairs
Vulnerable to freeze-thaw cycles in colder climates
Avoid cement-based pointing
Damage from rising damp
Cracking due to thermal stress
Requires compatible mortar for repairs
Cracking due to freeze-thaw cycles
Damage from freeze-thaw cycles in colder climates
Requires well-drained foundations
Repair with compatible clay bricks and lime mortar
Avoid using cement-based mortars
Vulnerable to cracking due to thermal stress
Requires repointing of mortar joints
Efflorescence can cause surface damage
Requires desalination and pointing with lime mortar
Requires desalination treatments
Erosion due to wind and rain
Requires repointing
Prone to cracking
Requires breathable mortar for repointing
Requires breathable mortars for repair
Protection from water damage is crucial
Requires breathable mortars for repointing
Potential for cracking due to thermal stress
Susceptible to salt attack and cracking
Requires repointing with compatible mortar
Susceptible to salt attack and freeze-thaw damage
Susceptible to salt attack and efflorescence
Damage from freeze-thaw cycles
Requires proper drainage
Erosion of surface
Replacement with compatible bricks
Erosion of brick surface
Requires careful mortar matching for repairs
Erosion due to weathering

Recommended Sources

Title	Type	Notes
Ancient Indian Bricks: A Study	Book	Brick manufacturing techniques
ASI Technical Bulletin	Technical Report	Brick analysis and conservation
Terracotta Art of Bengal	Book	Brickwork details and analysis
Ancient Indian Bricks: A Study	Book	Technical analysis of brick types
Terracotta Art of Bengal	Book	Brick composition and firing techniques
Brick and Tile Industries in India	Technical Report	Manufacturing process
Bricks and Tiles in Ancient India	Journal Article	Manufacturing techniques and applications
Brick Technology in Ancient India	Journal Article	Firing techniques and brick properties
Brick and Tile Manufacture in Ancient India	Journal Article	Firing techniques and material properties
Brick and Tile Industries in Ancient India	Academic Paper	Manufacturing techniques
Brick and Tile Manufacture	Technical Manual	Firing process and properties
Brick Manufacturing Techniques in Ancient India	Journal Article	Firing processes and clay composition
Brick Manufacturing in Ancient India	Historical Study	Kiln technology and brick types
Traditional Brick Making Techniques in India	Technical Report	Firing process and quality control
Brick Technology in Ancient India	Journal Article	Firing techniques and brick properties
Brick Manufacturing and Properties	Technical Report	Brick types and characteristics
Traditional Building Materials of India	Book	Detailed analysis of brick manufacturing and properties
Traditional Brick Making in India	Technical Report	Firing techniques and clay composition
Brick and Tile Industries	Technical Report	Manufacturing and properties
Terracotta Art of Bengal	Book	Use of fired bricks in Bengal temples
Brick and Tile Manufacture	Technical Manual	Details on brick production
Brick and Tile Industries in Ancient India	Journal Article	Brick manufacturing techniques
Brick Technology in Ancient India	Technical Report	Details on brick manufacturing and usage

Heritage Sites (5)

Site Name	Status	Confidence
Dalverzin Tepe Surxondaryo Uzbekistan	Primary	100%
Hisor Fortress Complex Hisor Tajikistan	Primary	100%
Mes Aynak Archaeological Site Logar Afghanistan	Primary	100%
Naulakhi Kotal Temple Baghlan Afghanistan	Primary	100%
Niya Ruins Minfeng Xinjiang China	Secondary	100%