| Title | पक्व ईंट - Pakva Īnt (Fired Brick)पक्व ईंट Pakva Īnt |
|---|---|
| Description | Pakva Īnt (Fired Brick) is made from clay fired at temperatures between 900-1100°C. It exhibits compressive strength ranging from 10-35 MPa and a density of 1600-2000 kg/m³. The color varies based on clay composition and firing conditions. |
| Tags | इष्टिका Ishtika Brick Clay Kiln Masonry Terracotta Fired Brick Firing Ishtikā Brick Kiln Brickwork Fired Clay पक्का Pakkā Fired Ceramic पक्का इष्टिका Pakkā Ishtikā Burnt Brick Kiln-fired Brick Burnt Clay Burnt Pakkā Iṣṭikā पक्का ईंट Pakkā Īnt ईंट Īnt Yamchun पक्की ईंट Pakki Īnt पक्व इष्टिका Pakva Ishtika पक्व Pakva Salt Efflorescence Pakva Iṣṭikā Pakva Īnt Clay Brick पक्व ईंट |
| Material ID | INHFMAT-357376810-20-11-25-PB |
| URI | https://www.inheritage.foundation/aat/material/fired-brick |
| API Endpoint | https://inheritage.foundation/api/v1/aat/materials/fired-brick |
| Total Sites | 5 |
| Primary Sites | 4 |
| Created | November 20, 2025 |
| Last Updated | November 20, 2025 |
| Types | Ceramic Clay Product Artificial Stone Fired Clay Ceramic Material Clay Brick Terracotta |
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| Regions | Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Bengal Punjab West Bengal Gujarat Indus Valley Gangetic Plains Indus Valley Civilization Bihar Tamil Nadu South India Haryana Karnataka Khatlon Region, Tajikistan Indo-Gangetic Plain Central Asia Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region Gandhara region Kabul region, Afghanistan Indus Valley Civilization sites Gangetic plains widespread in Uzbekistan Tajikistan Baghlan Province, Afghanistan |
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| Time Periods | 3rd century BCE Medieval Period CE Gupta Period Mauryan Period (322-185 BCE) Gupta Period (320-550 CE) Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 CE) Mughal Period Indus Valley Civilization Delhi Sultanate Kushan Empire Gupta Period CE Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1700 BCE) 3300-1700 BCE (Indus Valley Civilization) Mauryan Period Maurya Period Kushana Empire (30-375 CE) Kushan Empire (30-375 CE) 3rd millennium BCE 3rd century BCE (Mauryan Period) Ancient Times Kushan Period (1st-3rd century CE) Hellenistic Period (3rd-2nd century BCE) Harappan Civilization (2600-1900 BCE) Kushan Empire (1st-3rd century CE) 2nd-5th century CE Maurya Period (322-185 BCE) 3rd century BCE onwards Mauryan Empire (322-185 BCE) 3rd century BCE - Present Mauryan Empire 16th-19th century CE Kushan Period (1st-5th century CE) |
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| Dynasties | Maurya Gupta Delhi Sultanate Mauryan Kushana Mughal Kushan Mauryan Dynasty Gupta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Kushana Dynasty Kushan Dynasty Chola Gupta Empire Vijayanagara Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Kushan Empire Indus Valley Civilization Maurya Dynasty Local Tajik rulers |
| Sources | Brick kilns near riverbeds Alluvial plains Local clay pits Brick kilns near settlements Alluvial clay deposits Brick kilns Ganga River basin clay deposits Indus Valley clay deposits specific regional clay pits Specific clay deposits in alluvial plains Local clay deposits Brick kilns near urban centers Local clay pits near settlements Riverbanks Brick kilns near clay deposits Specific brick manufacturing sites Specific clay deposits Clay deposits near riverbeds Gangetic plains clay deposits Gangetic plains Local clay pits near brick kilns Clay quarries Local clay kilns Clay pits near rivers Clay deposits Brick kilns near riverbeds with alluvial clay deposits Clay deposits in alluvial plains Clay quarries near brick kilns Brick kilns near riverbeds with suitable clay deposits Clay quarries near riverbanks Local brick kilns Local kilns near Takhti Sangin, using clay from the Oxus River basin Local clay pits near Yamchun specific geographic sources Local brick kilns near Qala-i Khumb Local clay pits near Hadda Local clay deposits near Shotorak Local kilns near Hisor Local clay deposits near Mes Aynak Local clay pits near Baghlan |
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| Properties | Compressive strength: 15-30 MPa Water absorption: 10-20% Density: 1600-1900 kg/m³ Thermal conductivity: 0.6-0.8 W/mK Density: 1600-2200 kg/m³ Density: 1600-1800 kg/m³ Thermal conductivity: 0.6-1.0 W/mK Compressive strength: 10-35 MPa Water absorption: 5-20% Water absorption: 15-20% Porosity: 15-25% Density: 1800-2000 kg/m³ Firing temperature: 900-1100°C Density: 1600-2000 kg/m³ Density: 1.6-2.0 g/cm³ Firing temperature: 800-1100°C Compressive Strength: 10-35 MPa Water Absorption: 10-20% Thermal Conductivity: 0.6-1.0 W/mK Compressive strength: 15-40 MPa Density: 1800-2200 kg/m³ Porosity: 10-20% Water absorption: 5-15% Porosity: 8-15% Water absorption: 5-12% Porosity: 5-15% Water absorption: 8-20% Compressive strength: 15-70 MPa Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa Density: 1.8-2.0 g/cm³ Firing temperature: 800-1000°C Density: 1.6-2.2 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 10-70 MPa Compressive Strength: 15-35 MPa Thermal Conductivity: 0.6-0.8 W/mK Compressive strength: 15-25 MPa Porosity: 15-20% Water absorption: 10-15% Compressive strength: 10-40 MPa Density: 1.8-2.2 g/cm³ |
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| Uses | Load-bearing walls Vaults Paving Facing Vaulted roofs Facing material Ornamental brickwork Ornamental facades Arches Pavements Linings Drainage systems Arches and vaults Decorative facades Vaulting Foundations Vaulting and arches Walls Wall construction Stupa construction Vaults and arches |
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| Materials | चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) सुरखी - Surkhi (Brick Dust) Kankar (Lime Nodules) Chunā (Lime Mortar) Surkhi (Brick Dust) Kāshtha (Wood) मृत्तिका - Mrittikā (Clay) कंकड़ - Kankar (Lime Nodules) बालू - Bālū (Sand) Bajri (Aggregate) लोहा - Lohā (Iron) (for reinforcement) जल - Jala (Water) बजरी - Bajri (Gravel) गाारा - Gāra (Mud Mortar) |
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| Styles | Bengal architecture style Indo-Islamic architecture style Bengal terracotta temple architecture Bengal Sultanate architecture Indo-Islamic architecture Bengal terracotta temples Bengal terracotta architecture Bengal architecture Regional vernacular styles Gandhara architecture Early Buddhist architecture Indus Valley architecture Buddhist stupas Gupta architecture Classical Indian architecture Temple architecture Vijayanagara architecture Colonial architecture Buddhist architecture Mauryan architecture Dravidian architecture style Greco-Bactrian architecture Kushan architecture Indus Valley architecture style Gandhara architecture style Gupta temples |
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| Categories | Temple Fort Stupa Residential Palace Mosque Tomb Temples Forts Residential buildings Stupas Residential Buildings Stepwell Monastery Vihara Public baths Viharas Fortifications Wells Stepwells Monasteries Urban dwellings Public infrastructure Bridge Archaeological Site Fortification Residential structures Buildings Pavements Public structures Religious structures |
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| Notes |
|
|---|
| Title | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Ancient Indian Bricks: A Study | Book | Brick manufacturing techniques |
| ASI Technical Bulletin | Technical Report | Brick analysis and conservation |
| Terracotta Art of Bengal | Book | Brickwork details and analysis |
| Ancient Indian Bricks: A Study | Book | Technical analysis of brick types |
| Terracotta Art of Bengal | Book | Brick composition and firing techniques |
| Brick and Tile Industries in India | Technical Report | Manufacturing process |
| Bricks and Tiles in Ancient India | Journal Article | Manufacturing techniques and applications |
| Brick Technology in Ancient India | Journal Article | Firing techniques and brick properties |
| Brick and Tile Manufacture in Ancient India | Journal Article | Firing techniques and material properties |
| Brick and Tile Industries in Ancient India | Academic Paper | Manufacturing techniques |
| Brick and Tile Manufacture | Technical Manual | Firing process and properties |
| Brick Manufacturing Techniques in Ancient India | Journal Article | Firing processes and clay composition |
| Brick Manufacturing in Ancient India | Historical Study | Kiln technology and brick types |
| Traditional Brick Making Techniques in India | Technical Report | Firing process and quality control |
| Brick Technology in Ancient India | Journal Article | Firing techniques and brick properties |
| Brick Manufacturing and Properties | Technical Report | Brick types and characteristics |
| Traditional Building Materials of India | Book | Detailed analysis of brick manufacturing and properties |
| Traditional Brick Making in India | Technical Report | Firing techniques and clay composition |
| Brick and Tile Industries | Technical Report | Manufacturing and properties |
| Terracotta Art of Bengal | Book | Use of fired bricks in Bengal temples |
| Brick and Tile Manufacture | Technical Manual | Details on brick production |
| Brick and Tile Industries in Ancient India | Journal Article | Brick manufacturing techniques |
| Brick Technology in Ancient India | Technical Report | Details on brick manufacturing and usage |
| Site Name | Status | Usage | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dalverzin Tepe Surxondaryo Uzbekistan | Primary | 100% | |
| Hisor Fortress Complex Hisor Tajikistan | Primary | 100% | |
| Mes Aynak Archaeological Site Logar Afghanistan | Primary | 100% | |
| Naulakhi Kotal Temple Baghlan Afghanistan | Primary | 100% | |
| Niya Ruins Minfeng Xinjiang China | Secondary | 100% |