| Title | ताम्र कलश - Tāmra Kalasha (Copper Kalashas)ताम्र कलश Tāmra Kalasha |
|---|---|
| Description | ताम्र कलश - Tāmra Kalasha (Copper Kalashas) are ritual vessels made of copper (Cu), with a density of 8.96 g/cm³ and high corrosion resistance. They are used as finials and decorative elements. |
| Tags | Copper Kalasha Finial Metal Tamba Temple Tāmra Kalaśa ताम्र कलश Tāmra Kalaśa Vessel Tāmra Kalash Kalash Religious Tāmra Kalasha ताम्र Gilding |
| Material ID | INHFMAT-954647807-20-11-25-TS |
| URI | https://www.inheritage.foundation/aat/material/copper-kalashas |
| API Endpoint | https://inheritage.foundation/api/v1/aat/materials/copper-kalashas |
| Total Sites | 6 |
| Primary Sites | 2 |
| Created | November 20, 2025 |
| Last Updated | November 20, 2025 |
| Types | Metal Alloy Copper Alloy Non-ferrous Metal Copper Non-Ferrous Metal |
|---|
| Regions | Pan-Indian Pan-India |
|---|
| Time Periods | Ancient times Medieval Period Medieval Period CE Ancient Times Ancient Times BCE Modern Era CE Ancient Medieval Modern Ancient Period BCE Modern Period CE Modern times Ancient Period |
|---|---|
| Dynasties | Maurya Gupta Chola Vijayanagara |
| Sources | Copper mines in Rajasthan Copper mines in Jharkhand Indian copper mines (e.g., Singhbhum belt) Imported copper Copper mines Smelting facilities Singhbhum copper belt Khetri copper mines Copper mines in Rajasthan (e.g., Khetri) Copper refineries (various locations) Metal workshops Artisan workshops across India Copper mines in Rajasthan, Jharkhand, and Andhra Pradesh Copper mines in Rajasthan and Jharkhand |
|---|
| Properties | Density: 8.96 g/cm³ Melting point: 1085°C Corrosion resistance: High Thermal conductivity: High High corrosion resistance Good electrical conductivity Tensile strength: 220 MPa Electrical conductivity: High Melting point: 1085 °C Electrical conductivity: 5.96 x 10⁷ S/m Tensile strength: 200-250 MPa Density: 8960 kg/m³ Corrosion resistance: Good Thermal conductivity: 401 W/m·K Thermal conductivity: 401 W/mK |
|---|
| Uses | Temple finials Decorative elements Sacred vessels Finials Ritual vessels Lightning conductors Roofing elements Ritual objects Water storage Water vessels Religious ceremonies Decorative vessels Auspicious symbols Religious objects |
|---|
| Materials | पीतल - Pītal (Brass) चांदी - Chāndī (Silver) सोना - Sonā (Gold) Silver Gold कांस्य - Kānsya (Bronze) पीतल - Peetal (Brass) चांदी - Chandi (Silver) चाँदी - Chandi (Silver) सोना - Sonā (Gold) plating चांदी - Chandi (Silver) plating पीतल - Pital (Brass) स्वर्ण - Swarna (Gold) सोना - Sonā (Gold) (for gilding) पीतल - Pītal (Brass) (sometimes used as a substitute) Gold (for gilding) Brass |
|---|
| Styles | Dravidian architecture style Nagara architecture style Temple architecture Dravidian architecture Nagara architecture Traditional Indian architecture Temple architecture style |
|---|
| Categories | Temple Gopuram Shikhara Religious Artifact Temple finials Religious objects Shrine Monument Mandir Finial |
|---|
| Notes |
|
|---|
| Title | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Metalwork in Ancient India | Book | Detailed analysis of copper metallurgy and its applications |
| Metallurgy in Ancient India | Historical Study | Copper production and use in Indian history |
| ASI Technical Bulletin | Technical Report | Material analysis |
| Metals in Indian Art | Book | Historical analysis |
| Corrosion of Copper Alloys | Technical Report | Corrosion mechanisms |
| Traditional Indian Metalworking Techniques | Book | Details on copper crafting |
| Indian Metal Craft Traditions | Book | Historical and technical aspects |
| Agama Shastras | Religious Text | Temple construction guidelines |
| Indian Institute of Metals publications | Technical Report | Copper metallurgy and applications |
| Metals and Alloys in Ancient India | Book | Copper metallurgy and applications |
| Copper in Indian Art and Architecture | Book | Uses and conservation of copper artifacts |
| The Metallurgy of Copper | Book | Properties and processing of copper |
| Site Name | Status | Usage | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sri Senpaga Vinayagar Temple Singapore | Primary | Walls | 100% |
| Sri Vairavimada Kaliamman Temple Singapore | Primary | Walls | 100% |
| BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London | Secondary | Walls | 100% |
| BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Toronto | Secondary | Walls | 100% |
| Hindu Temple of Winnipeg | Secondary | Roof | 100% |
| Sri Sivan Temple Singapore | Secondary | 100% |