| Title | सीमेंट कंक्रीट (Concrete)Uncommon Sīmeṇṭ kaṅkrīṭ Concrete |
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| Description | कंक्रीट (Kaṅkrīṭa), or ठोस मिश्रण (ṭhosa miśraṇa), is a composite material consisting of cement, aggregates, and water [1]. Its use in the Indian subcontinent, while prevalent in the 20th and 21st centuries, contrasts with traditional materials like brick and stone. Modern कंक्रीट (Kaṅkrīṭa) utilizes Portland cement, derived from calcareous and argillaceous materials sourced from quarries across India. Compressive strength ranges from 15-100+ MPa, density from 2.2-2.5 g/cm³, and water absorption from 0.5-10%. While not a primary material in ancient Indic architecture, its modern application reinforces structures. Conservation efforts on heritage sites, such as those from the Maurya, Gupta, or Chola dynasties, require careful consideration of कंक्रीट (Kaṅkrīṭa) compatibility with original materials. The water-cement ratio (0.4-0.6) affects durability. Understanding कंक्रीट (Kaṅkrīṭa)'s thermal expansion (10-14 x 10^-6 /°C) is crucial for long-term structural integrity. Porosity (5-15%) influences weathering. Modern applications include foundations, beams, slabs, and road construction. |
| Also Known As | Concrete Sīmeṇṭ kaṅkrīṭ Concrete Cement Concrete Hardened Concrete कंक्रीट ठोस मिश्रण दृढ़ मिश्रण सीमेंट मिश्रण கான்கிரீட் (Kāṉkiriṭ) కాంక్రీట్ (Kāṅkrīṭ) ಕಾಂಕ್ರೀಟ್ (Kāṅkrīṭ) കോൺക്രീറ്റ് (Kōṇkrīṟṟ) ಕಾಂಕ್ರೀಟ್ (Kāṃkrīṭ) |
| Tags | कंक्रीट Concrete Cement Aggregate Reinforcement Construction Portland Cement Reinforced concrete Modern construction Structural |
| Material ID | INHFMAT-554500898-20-11-25-KR |
| URI | https://www.inheritage.foundation/aat/material/concrete |
| API Endpoint | https://www.inheritage.foundation/api/v1/aat/materials/concrete |
| Total Sites | 6 |
| Primary Sites | 6 |
| Created | November 20, 2025 |
| Last Updated | November 28, 2025 |
External References
Material Types
| Types | Composite Material Cementitious Material Artificial Stone Structural Material Portland Cement Concrete Reinforced Concrete |
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Regions
| Regions | India Karnataka Tamil Nadu West Bengal Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Meghalaya Mizoram Tripura Global |
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Historical Context
| Time Periods | 20th Century CE 21st Century CE |
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Geographic Sources
| Sources | Cement factories Local aggregate quarries Sand mines Ready-mix concrete plants Local suppliers of cement and aggregates |
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Properties
| Properties | Compressive strength: 15-100+ MPa (depending on mix) Density: 2.2-2.5 g/cm³ Water absorption: 0.5-10% Setting time: 2-8 hours (varies with admixtures) Modulus of elasticity: 20-50 GPa Thermal expansion coefficient: 10-14 x 10^-6 /°C Thermal conductivity: 0.8-1.8 W/m.K Porosity: 5-15% Water-cement ratio: 0.4-0.6 |
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Common Uses
| Uses | Foundations Beams Slabs Columns Walls Flooring Roofing Paving Structural support Lintels Shear walls Road construction |
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Related Materials
| Materials | लोहा - Lohā (Iron/Steel) स्टील - Steel (Steel) चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) Cement Aggregate Water कंकड़ - Kankar (Gravel) रेत - Ret (Sand) सुरखी - Surkhi (Brick Dust) ईंट - Īṇṭ (Brick) सरिया - Sariyā (Reinforcement Steel) |
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Related Styles
| Styles | Modern architecture Contemporary architecture Brutalism |
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Related Categories
| Categories | Modern buildings Infrastructure Bridges Buildings Dams Residential Buildings Commercial Buildings Temples |
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Conservation Notes
| Notes |
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Recommended Sources
| Title | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Indian Standard Codes for Concrete Construction | Standard | Specifications for concrete mixes and construction practices. |
| IS 456: Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice | Indian Standard | Concrete design and construction |
| Indian Concrete Institute Journal | Journal Article | Concrete technology |
| Indian Concrete Institute Publications | Technical Report | Mix design and properties |
| Indian Concrete Journal | Journal | Concrete technology and applications |
| Indian Concrete Institute (ICI) Publications | Technical Report | Concrete mix design and construction practices |
Heritage Sites (6)
| Site Name | Status | Usage | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bomdila Monastery Bomdila | Primary | 100% | |
| Chilkur Balaji Temple Hyderabad | Primary | 100% | |
| Kalighat Kali Temple Kolkata | Primary | 100% | |
| Shree Ayyappa Seva Sangam Temple Durban | Primary | Roof | 100% |
| Shree Ganesha Temple Mount Edgecombe | Primary | Decorative | 100% |
| Yadagirigutta Temple Yadadri | Primary | 100% |