कंक्रीट - Kaṅkrīṭa (Concrete) | Inheritage Foundation Art & Architecture Thesaurus | Inheritage Foundation

Title	कंक्रीट - Kaṅkrīṭa (Concrete) कंक्रीट Kaṅkrīṭa
Description	कंक्रीट - Kaṅkrīṭa (Concrete) is a composite material of cement, aggregate, and water. Density: 2200-2400 kg/m³. Compressive strength varies based on mix design (20-50 MPa). Used in modern additions and structural reinforcement.
Tags	कंक्रीट Kankreet Concrete Cement Aggregate Reinforcement Kankrīt Kankrīṭ Construction Portland Cement Reinforced concrete Modern construction Kaṅkrīṭ Reinforced Concrete Modern Construction Structural Kaṅkrīṭa Reinforced Modern Lime Concrete
Material ID	`INHFMAT-554500898-20-11-25-KR`
URI	https://www.inheritage.foundation/aat/material/concrete
API Endpoint	`https://inheritage.foundation/api/v1/aat/materials/concrete`
Total Sites	6
Primary Sites	6
Created	November 20, 2025
Last Updated	November 20, 2025

Material Types

Types	Composite Material Cementitious Material Artificial Stone Cement Concrete Reinforced Cement Concrete Structural Material Portland Cement Concrete Reinforced Concrete Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Concrete Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) Cementitious Composite Artificial Material

Regions

Regions	Pan-India Pan-Indian Widely used across India Pan-India (Modern Construction) Pan-India (Modern) Tripura Urban areas Himachal Pradesh Pan-Indian (modern construction) Modern Construction Meghalaya Karnataka Pan-India (modern repairs) Pan-Indian (Modern) Global Tamil Nadu specific regions with cement plants Jammu and Kashmir Mizoram West Bengal

Historical Context

Time Periods	20th Century CE 21st Century CE 20th Century CE - Present 20th Century CE onwards Modern Period Modern Period CE Modern Era 20th Century 21st Century

Geographic Sources

Sources	Cement factories Local aggregate quarries Cement factories across India Aggregate quarries Local aggregate suppliers Modern cement factories Sand mines Cement factories (e.g., ACC, Ambuja) Cement plants Riverbeds Local cement factories Local cement factories and aggregate suppliers in Himachal Pradesh Riverbeds for aggregates Cement factories (e.g., ACC, Ultratech) Aggregate quarries in Meghalaya Local cement factories and aggregate suppliers Riverbeds (for sand) Local suppliers in Wokha Cement manufacturing plants Sand deposits Ready-mix concrete plants Aggregate quarries in Tamil Nadu Local suppliers of cement and aggregates specific geographic sources Cement factories (various locations) specific cement brands

Sources

Cement factories

Local aggregate quarries

Cement factories across India

Aggregate quarries

Local aggregate suppliers

Modern cement factories

Sand mines

Cement factories (e.g., ACC, Ambuja)

Cement plants

Riverbeds

Local cement factories

Local cement factories and aggregate suppliers in Himachal Pradesh

Riverbeds for aggregates

Cement factories (e.g., ACC, Ultratech)

Aggregate quarries in Meghalaya

Local cement factories and aggregate suppliers

Riverbeds (for sand)

Local suppliers in Wokha

Cement manufacturing plants

Sand deposits

Ready-mix concrete plants

Aggregate quarries in Tamil Nadu

Local suppliers of cement and aggregates

specific geographic sources

Cement factories (various locations)

specific cement brands

Properties

Properties	Compressive strength: 20-50 MPa (depending on mix) Density: 2.2-2.4 g/cm³ Water absorption: 5-10% Setting time: 2-8 hours Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa Density: 2200-2400 kg/m³ Modulus of elasticity: 20-35 GPa Thermal expansion coefficient: 10-13 x 10^-6 /°C Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa (depending on mix design) Water absorption: 3-8% Thermal conductivity: 1.0-1.8 W/m.K Compressive strength: 20-40 MPa Porosity: 5-15% Thermal conductivity: 0.8-1.8 W/mK Modulus of elasticity: 20-40 GPa Compressive strength: 20-50 MPa Thermal conductivity: 1.0-1.8 W/mK Water Absorption: 5-10% Modulus of Elasticity: 20-30 GPa Compressive strength: 20-50 MPa (after 28 days) Water-cement ratio: 0.4-0.6 Density: 2400 kg/m³ Modulus of elasticity: 20-30 GPa Compressive strength: 20-60 MPa (depending on grade) Compressive strength: 20-30 MPa Density: 2.4 g/cm³ Water absorption: 5-8% Thermal expansion coefficient: 10-14 x 10^-6 /°C Density: 2.3-2.4 g/cm³ Thermal expansion coefficient: 10-13 x 10⁻⁶ /°C Compressive strength: 15-40 MPa Water-cement ratio: critical for strength Compressive strength: 20-40 MPa (depending on mix) Water absorption: 3-6% Thermal expansion: 10-12 x 10^-6 /°C Water absorption: 0.5-3% Density: ~2.4 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 17-70+ MPa Compressive strength: 20-50 MPa (depending on grade) Water absorption: 3-5% Compressive strength: 20-100 MPa (depending on mix) Density: 2.3-2.5 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 20-100 MPa Modulus of Elasticity: 20-40 GPa Compressive strength: 17-70 MPa (depending on mix) Slump: Varies based on workability requirements Compressive strength: 20-100+ MPa Porosity: 10-15% Thermal conductivity: 1.0-1.8 W/m·K Modulus of elasticity: 20-50 GPa Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa (depending on grade) Setting time: Varies with admixtures Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa (depending on mix)

Compressive strength: 20-50 MPa (depending on mix)

Density: 2.2-2.4 g/cm³

Water absorption: 5-10%

Setting time: 2-8 hours

Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa

Density: 2200-2400 kg/m³

Modulus of elasticity: 20-35 GPa

Thermal expansion coefficient: 10-13 x 10^-6 /°C

Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa (depending on mix design)

Water absorption: 3-8%

Thermal conductivity: 1.0-1.8 W/m.K

Compressive strength: 20-40 MPa

Porosity: 5-15%

Thermal conductivity: 0.8-1.8 W/mK

Modulus of elasticity: 20-40 GPa

Compressive strength: 20-50 MPa

Thermal conductivity: 1.0-1.8 W/mK

Water Absorption: 5-10%

Modulus of Elasticity: 20-30 GPa

Compressive strength: 20-50 MPa (after 28 days)

Water-cement ratio: 0.4-0.6

Density: 2400 kg/m³

Modulus of elasticity: 20-30 GPa

Compressive strength: 20-60 MPa (depending on grade)

Compressive strength: 20-30 MPa

Density: 2.4 g/cm³

Water absorption: 5-8%

Thermal expansion coefficient: 10-14 x 10^-6 /°C

Density: 2.3-2.4 g/cm³

Thermal expansion coefficient: 10-13 x 10⁻⁶ /°C

Compressive strength: 15-40 MPa

Water-cement ratio: critical for strength

Compressive strength: 20-40 MPa (depending on mix)

Water absorption: 3-6%

Thermal expansion: 10-12 x 10^-6 /°C

Water absorption: 0.5-3%

Density: ~2.4 g/cm³

Compressive strength: 17-70+ MPa

Compressive strength: 20-50 MPa (depending on grade)

Water absorption: 3-5%

Compressive strength: 20-100 MPa (depending on mix)

Density: 2.3-2.5 g/cm³

Compressive strength: 20-100 MPa

Modulus of Elasticity: 20-40 GPa

Compressive strength: 17-70 MPa (depending on mix)

Slump: Varies based on workability requirements

Compressive strength: 20-100+ MPa

Porosity: 10-15%

Thermal conductivity: 1.0-1.8 W/m·K

Modulus of elasticity: 20-50 GPa

Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa (depending on grade)

Setting time: Varies with admixtures

Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa (depending on mix)

Common Uses

Uses	Foundation slabs Reinforced concrete beams Columns Flooring Foundations Beams Slabs Reinforced concrete slabs Foundation reinforcement Modern repairs Reinforced concrete structures Paving Foundation Structural support Roofing Modern construction Structural columns Walls Pavements Non-load bearing walls Modern additions and repairs Foundation repairs Modern additions Non-load-bearing walls Pathways Reinforced structures Reinforced structural elements Reinforced beams Modern structural elements Reinforced columns Roof slabs Modern buildings Modern structural additions Reinforced concrete columns Lintels Reinforced concrete elements Non-structural infill Structural slabs Structural Columns Shear walls Foundation extensions Repair material Road construction Foundation reinforcements Structural additions

Uses

Foundation slabs

Reinforced concrete beams

Columns

Flooring

Foundations

Beams

Slabs

Reinforced concrete slabs

Foundation reinforcement

Modern repairs

Reinforced concrete structures

Paving

Foundation

Structural support

Roofing

Modern construction

Structural columns

Walls

Pavements

Non-load bearing walls

Modern additions and repairs

Foundation repairs

Modern additions

Non-load-bearing walls

Pathways

Reinforced structures

Reinforced structural elements

Reinforced beams

Modern structural elements

Reinforced columns

Roof slabs

Modern buildings

Modern structural additions

Reinforced concrete columns

Lintels

Reinforced concrete elements

Non-structural infill

Structural slabs

Structural Columns

Shear walls

Foundation extensions

Repair material

Road construction

Foundation reinforcements

Structural additions

Related Materials

Materials	लोहा - Lohā (Iron) Steel reinforcement bars स्टील - Steel (Steel) for reinforcement चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) as a partial replacement in some mixes लोहा - Lohā (Steel) Cement Aggregate Water चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) लोहा - Lohā (Reinforcing Steel) पानी - Pānī (Water) इस्पात - Ispāt (Steel) चूना - Chunā (Lime) लोहा - Lohā (Steel) for reinforcement Aggregates सीमेंट - Seement (Cement) सीमेंट - Sīmeṇṭ (Cement) कंकड़ - Kankar (Gravel) रेत - Ret (Sand) चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) - for comparison लोहा - Lohā (Reinforcement Steel) सुरखी - Surkhi (Brick Dust) Aggregate (Sand, Gravel) चूना - Chunā (Lime) (as admixture in some cases) बजरी - Bajrī (Aggregate) रेती - Retī (Sand) स्टील - Sṭīl (Steel) गिट्टी - Giṭṭī (Aggregate) चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) (in some older applications) जल - Jal (Water) ईंट - Īṇṭ (Brick) बजरी - Bajrī (Gravel) सरिया - Sariyā (Reinforcement Steel) ईंट - Īnt (Brick) चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) (as a predecessor) सीमेंट - Sīmeṇṭa (Cement) स्टील - Sṭīla (Steel) बजरी - Bajarī (Gravel) Steel reinforcement लोहा - Lohā (Iron/Steel)

Materials

लोहा - Lohā (Iron)

Steel reinforcement bars

स्टील - Steel (Steel) for reinforcement

चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) as a partial replacement in some mixes

लोहा - Lohā (Steel)

Cement

Aggregate

Water

चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar)

लोहा - Lohā (Reinforcing Steel)

पानी - Pānī (Water)

इस्पात - Ispāt (Steel)

चूना - Chunā (Lime)

लोहा - Lohā (Steel) for reinforcement

Aggregates

सीमेंट - Seement (Cement)

सीमेंट - Sīmeṇṭ (Cement)

कंकड़ - Kankar (Gravel)

रेत - Ret (Sand)

चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) - for comparison

लोहा - Lohā (Reinforcement Steel)

सुरखी - Surkhi (Brick Dust)

Aggregate (Sand, Gravel)

चूना - Chunā (Lime) (as admixture in some cases)

बजरी - Bajrī (Aggregate)

रेती - Retī (Sand)

स्टील - Sṭīl (Steel)

गिट्टी - Giṭṭī (Aggregate)

चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) (in some older applications)

जल - Jal (Water)

ईंट - Īṇṭ (Brick)

बजरी - Bajrī (Gravel)

सरिया - Sariyā (Reinforcement Steel)

ईंट - Īnt (Brick)

चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) (as a predecessor)

सीमेंट - Sīmeṇṭa (Cement)

स्टील - Sṭīla (Steel)

बजरी - Bajarī (Gravel)

Steel reinforcement

लोहा - Lohā (Iron/Steel)

Related Styles

Styles	Modern architecture Modern architecture style Contemporary architecture style Modern Architecture integrated with traditional styles Modern Temple Architecture Brutalism Modern Architecture Contemporary Indian architecture Reinforced concrete structures Modern Indian Architecture

Related Categories

Categories	Modern buildings Infrastructure Infrastructure projects Modern Buildings Modern additions to heritage structures Modern additions to heritage sites Bridges Buildings Dams Monastery Residential Buildings Modern Temple Construction Modern Temples Residential Commercial Temple Modern repairs to temples Modern construction Residential buildings Commercial buildings Temple additions Modern structures Structural repair Bridge Residential Building Modern temples Temple (modern) Temple repairs Temple (modern additions) Building Modern Construction Temple (Modern Additions) House

Conservation Notes

Notes	Susceptible to cracking due to shrinkage Corrosion of steel reinforcement Requires proper curing to achieve full strength Susceptible to cracking due to thermal stress Requires proper curing to prevent shrinkage Reinforcement corrosion is a major concern Corrosion of reinforcement Incompatible with traditional materials Can cause moisture trapping Requires careful integration with existing structure Can cause accelerated deterioration of historic fabric Requires careful assessment before use in conservation Susceptible to carbonation Requires protection from chloride attack Potential for alkali-silica reaction Cracking due to shrinkage and thermal stress Reinforcement corrosion Requires repair with compatible materials Susceptible to cracking Requires proper curing Vulnerable to alkali-silica reaction Requires regular inspection and repair Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) Cracking Susceptible to cracking due to shrinkage and thermal stress Vulnerable to alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) Susceptible to cracking due to thermal expansion and contraction Potential for alkali-silica reaction (ASR) Susceptible to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) Requires proper curing to prevent cracking Reinforcement corrosion can lead to spalling Carbonation leading to steel corrosion Alkali-aggregate reaction Requires regular inspection for reinforcement corrosion Use of appropriate sealants to prevent water ingress Incompatible with traditional materials due to different thermal expansion coefficients. Can cause damage to historic structures if not properly designed. Requires careful selection of cement type and aggregate size. Potential for alkali-aggregate reaction Vulnerable to chloride attack in coastal environments Carbonation Chloride attack Susceptible to cracking due to thermal expansion Carbonation can weaken reinforcement Carbonation can degrade steel reinforcement Can be affected by alkali-aggregate reaction Carbonation leads to steel corrosion Incompatible with traditional lime mortars Can trap moisture and accelerate stone decay Requires careful assessment before application Carbonation of concrete Susceptible to cracking and spalling Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) can be a problem Cracking due to thermal stress Carbonation can lead to steel corrosion Potential for moisture trapping Requires careful integration with existing fabric Alkali-silica reaction Requires crack repair and surface treatments Monitor for alkali-silica reaction Cracking due to shrinkage Requires proper drainage Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) can cause deterioration Potential for cracking and spalling Compatibility issues with historic materials Potential for corrosion of steel reinforcement Reinforcement corrosion can cause structural failure Requires proper curing and mix design Can cause moisture-related problems in historic structures Avoid use near heritage sites Incompatible with traditional materials due to different thermal expansion coefficients Can cause moisture entrapment and salt damage to adjacent stone masonry Requires careful integration with historic fabric Requires repair with compatible mortars Susceptible to cracking due to shrinkage and thermal expansion Reinforcement corrosion can be a problem Prone to alkali-silica reaction Reinforcement corrosion can be a major issue

Notes

Susceptible to cracking due to shrinkage
Corrosion of steel reinforcement
Requires proper curing to achieve full strength
Susceptible to cracking due to thermal stress
Requires proper curing to prevent shrinkage
Reinforcement corrosion is a major concern
Corrosion of reinforcement
Incompatible with traditional materials
Can cause moisture trapping
Requires careful integration with existing structure
Can cause accelerated deterioration of historic fabric
Requires careful assessment before use in conservation
Susceptible to carbonation
Requires protection from chloride attack
Potential for alkali-silica reaction
Cracking due to shrinkage and thermal stress
Reinforcement corrosion
Requires repair with compatible materials
Susceptible to cracking
Requires proper curing
Vulnerable to alkali-silica reaction
Requires regular inspection and repair
Alkali-silica reaction (ASR)
Cracking
Susceptible to cracking due to shrinkage and thermal stress
Vulnerable to alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR)
Susceptible to cracking due to thermal expansion and contraction
Potential for alkali-silica reaction (ASR)
Susceptible to alkali-silica reaction (ASR)
Requires proper curing to prevent cracking
Reinforcement corrosion can lead to spalling
Carbonation leading to steel corrosion
Alkali-aggregate reaction
Requires regular inspection for reinforcement corrosion
Use of appropriate sealants to prevent water ingress
Incompatible with traditional materials due to different thermal expansion coefficients.
Can cause damage to historic structures if not properly designed.
Requires careful selection of cement type and aggregate size.
Potential for alkali-aggregate reaction
Vulnerable to chloride attack in coastal environments
Carbonation
Chloride attack
Susceptible to cracking due to thermal expansion
Carbonation can weaken reinforcement
Carbonation can degrade steel reinforcement
Can be affected by alkali-aggregate reaction
Carbonation leads to steel corrosion
Incompatible with traditional lime mortars
Can trap moisture and accelerate stone decay
Requires careful assessment before application
Carbonation of concrete
Susceptible to cracking and spalling
Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) can be a problem
Cracking due to thermal stress
Carbonation can lead to steel corrosion
Potential for moisture trapping
Requires careful integration with existing fabric
Alkali-silica reaction
Requires crack repair and surface treatments
Monitor for alkali-silica reaction
Cracking due to shrinkage
Requires proper drainage
Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) can cause deterioration
Potential for cracking and spalling
Compatibility issues with historic materials
Potential for corrosion of steel reinforcement
Reinforcement corrosion can cause structural failure
Requires proper curing and mix design
Can cause moisture-related problems in historic structures
Avoid use near heritage sites
Incompatible with traditional materials due to different thermal expansion coefficients
Can cause moisture entrapment and salt damage to adjacent stone masonry
Requires careful integration with historic fabric
Requires repair with compatible mortars
Susceptible to cracking due to shrinkage and thermal expansion
Reinforcement corrosion can be a problem
Prone to alkali-silica reaction
Reinforcement corrosion can be a major issue

Recommended Sources

Title	Type	Notes
Indian Standard Codes for Concrete Construction	Standard	Specifications for concrete mixes and construction practices.
IS 456: Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice	Indian Standard	Concrete design and construction
Indian Standard Codes for Concrete	Standard	Concrete mix design and specifications
IS 456:2000	Indian Standard	Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice
IS 456:2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice	Standard	Indian Standard for concrete design
Indian Concrete Institute Journal	Journal Article	Concrete technology
Indian Standard Codes for Concrete	Standard	Mix design and testing
Indian Concrete Institute Journal	Journal	Concrete technology
IS 456:2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice	Standard	Indian Standard for concrete construction
IS 456:2000	Indian Standard	Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice
Indian Standard Codes for Concrete	Standard	Concrete mix design and testing
Indian Concrete Institute Publications	Technical Report	Mix design and properties
IS 456:2000	Standard	Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice
Indian Standard Codes for Concrete	Standard	Mix design and testing
IS 456:2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice	Standard	Indian Standard for Concrete Design
Indian Concrete Institute Publications	Technical Report	Mix design and specifications
IS 456: Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice	Standard	Indian Standard for concrete design and construction
Indian Concrete Journal	Journal	Concrete technology and applications
Indian Concrete Institute Journal	Journal	Mix design and durability
Indian Concrete Institute Publications	Technical Report	Concrete mix designs and properties
Indian Standard Codes for Concrete	Standard	Specifications and testing
Indian Concrete Institute (ICI) Publications	Technical Report	Concrete mix design and construction practices

Heritage Sites (6)

Site Name	Status	Usage	Confidence
Bomdila Monastery Bomdila	Primary		100%
Chilkur Balaji Temple Hyderabad	Primary		100%
Kalighat Kali Temple Kolkata	Primary		100%
Shree Ayyappa Seva Sangam Temple Durban	Primary	Roof	100%
Shree Ganesha Temple Mount Edgecombe	Primary	Decorative	100%
Yadagirigutta Temple Yadadri	Primary		100%