Title

ईंट चूर्ण (Surkhi (Brick Dust))

Moderate

Ī̃ṭ cūrṇa

Surkhi (Brick Dust)

4.5/5(Based on 25 heritage sites)
Descriptionसुरखी, also known as *Ishtika Churna* (इष्टिका चूर्ण) in Sanskrit, is a finely ground ceramic powder derived from crushed, burnt clay bricks or tiles, traditionally used as a pozzolanic additive in *Chunā* (चूना) or lime mortar throughout the Indian subcontinent [1]. Its use is documented across various historical periods and dynasties, including the Mughal and Vijayanagara Empires, evident in structures across the Gangetic Plains and Deccan Plateau. The particle size typically ranges from 75 μm to 4.75 mm, with a specific gravity of 2.5-2.7. Surkhi's chemical composition primarily consists of silica (50-70%) and alumina (15-25%). The pozzolanic activity of Surkhi enhances lime mortar strength by reacting with lime to form calcium silicate hydrates, reducing permeability and improving workability. Traditional processing involved crushing waste bricks sourced from local kilns. Conservation efforts at heritage sites often require careful analysis of Surkhi's particle size distribution and mineralogical composition to ensure compatible restoration mortars. The red color of Surkhi also contributes aesthetically to traditional plaster finishes.
Also Known As
Surkhi (Brick Dust)
Ī̃ṭ cūrṇa
Surkhi
Brick Dust
Brick Powder
Pulverized Brick
सुरखी
ईंट का चूरा
भस्म ईंट
इष्टिका चूर्ण
செங்கல் தூள் (Sengal thool)
ఇటుక ధూళి (Iṭuka dhūḷi)
ಇಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಧೂಳು (Iṭṭige dhūḷu)
ഇഷ്ടിക പൊടി (Iṣṭika poṭi)
Tags
सुरखी
Surkhi
Brick Dust
Pozzolan
Lime Mortar
Additive
Hydraulic
Mortar
Rajasthan
Lime
Surkhī
Brick dust
Lime mortar
Udayagiri
Water Resistance
Material ID
INHFMAT-186917660-20-11-25-SR
URIhttps://www.inheritage.foundation/aat/material/brick-dust
API Endpoint
https://www.inheritage.foundation/api/v1/aat/materials/brick-dust
Total Sites25
Primary Sites10
CreatedNovember 20, 2025
Last UpdatedNovember 28, 2025

External References

Material Types

Types
Pozzolan
Additive
Ceramic Powder
Cementitious Material
Pozzolanic Material

Regions

Regions
Uttar Pradesh
Punjab
Haryana
Assam
Pan-India
Karnataka
Bengal
Pan-Indian
Rajasthan
Gangetic Plains
Deccan Plateau
All of India
West Bengal
Bihar
Pan India
Maharashtra
India
Sri Lanka
North India
South India
Kerala
Andhra Pradesh
Tamil Nadu

Historical Context

Time Periods
Medieval Period CE
Mughal Period
Ancient Times
Colonial Period
Ancient
Medieval
Mughal
Ancient Period
Mughal Period CE
Ancient times
Mughal Period (16th-18th century CE)
British Colonial Period
Mughal Period (1526-1857 CE)
British Colonial Period (1757-1947 CE)
12th century CE
Ancient Period BCE
Colonial
Modern
Rajput Period
Ahom Dynasty Period
Ancient - Present
16th century CE
14th-17th century CE
Chola Period (9th-13th century CE)
Nayaka Period (16th-17th century CE)
Dynasties
Mughal
Delhi Sultanate
Mauryan Empire
Gupta Empire
Mughal Empire
Vijayanagara
Rajput
All dynasties
Maurya
Gupta
Sikh
Various
British
Chauhan Dynasty
Rajput Kingdoms
Maurya Empire
Chola
Ahom Dynasty
Vijayanagara Empire
Portuguese
Gajapati dynasty
Qutb Shahi dynasty
Chera Dynasty
Chola Dynasty
Nayaka Dynasty

Geographic Sources

Sources
Local brick kilns
specific geographic sources
Local brick kilns in Assam
Brick kilns
Recycled brick waste
Demolished brick structures
Crushed waste bricks from local kilns
Crushed burnt clay bricks from demolished structures or brick kilns
Tile factories
Brick kilns across India
Specific regional sources
Recycled brick and tile
Local brick kilns near Sivasagar
Recycled brick material
Local brick kilns in Kannur district
Local brick kilns near Udayagiri
Locally produced from waste bricks and tiles

Properties

Properties
Specific gravity: 2.5-2.7
Fineness: 75 μm to 4.75 mm
Pozzolanic activity: High
Improves mortar strength
Pozzolanic activity
Increases mortar strength
Reduces mortar permeability
Particle size: Varies
Particle size: 75-150 microns
Particle size: 75-150 μm
Increases compressive strength of mortar
Particle size: Varies (fine to coarse)
Pozzolanic activity: Enhances lime mortar strength
Increases compressive strength of lime mortar
Improves workability
Reduces permeability
Particle size: 75-425 microns
Particle size: Fine powder
Specific gravity: 2.6-2.8
Increases mortar strength and water resistance
Improves water resistance
Pozzolanic activity: Reacts with lime to form calcium silicate hydrate
Reduces permeability of lime mortar
Particle size: 0.075-4.75mm
Increases lime mortar strength
Particle size: Fine
Color: Reddish-brown
Particle size distribution
Specific surface area
Moisture content: <5%
Fineness: Passing through 90 micron sieve
Compressive strength (when mixed with lime): Increases by 20-50%
Fineness: <75 microns
Particle size: <75 microns
Silica content: 50-70%
Alumina content: 15-25%
Fineness: Passing through IS sieve no. 9
Silica content: >50%
Alumina content: 10-20%
Particle size: <75 μm
Fineness: 75-150 μm
Fineness: Varies
Fineness: Varies depending on grinding
Particle size: <75 microns for optimal reactivity
Particle size: 0.075-4.75 mm
Particle size: <150 μm
Particle size: < 0.075 mm
Silica content: > 50%
Alumina content: > 20%
Particle size: variable
Specific surface area: variable
Pozzolanic activity: Reacts with lime to form calcium silicate hydrates
Silica content: 50-60%
Alumina content: 20-30%
Increases density of mortar
Red color
Fineness: Retained on 90 micron sieve < 10%

Common Uses

Uses
Additive to lime mortar
Hydraulic binder
Plastering
Waterproofing
Waterproofing agent
Hydraulic lime production
Reduces shrinkage in mortar
Improves workability and hydraulic properties
Filler material
Pozzolanic cement
Hydraulic lime mortar
Plaster
Increases strength
Reduces permeability
Improves workability
Improves mortar workability
Increases mortar durability
Reduces mortar permeability
Lime mortar additive
Plaster additive
Concrete additive
Increases mortar water resistance
Concrete production
Improving workability
Concrete
Increases durability of plaster
Additive to चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar)
Lime-Surkhi mortar
Additive in lime mortar
Terrace waterproofing
Improving mortar strength
Terrace roofing
Improves mortar strength
Increasing strength of mortar
Improves workability of mortar
Improving strength of plaster
Improves workability and durability
Reduces shrinkage

Related Materials

Materials
चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar)
ईंट - Īnt (Brick)
Ishtikā (Brick)
रेती - Reti (Sand)
गुड़ - Gur (Jaggery)
रेत - Ret (Sand)
ईंट - Eent (Brick)
बेल का फल - Bel ka Phal (Aegle marmelos)
बजरी - Bajri (River Sand)
रेती - Retī (Sand)
पानी - Pānī (Water)
चूना - Chunā (Lime)
ईंट - Īnt (Bricks)
बालू - Bālū (Sand)
कंकड़ - Kankar (Lime Nodules)
Bajri (Fine Aggregate)
Bajri (Aggregate)
कंकड़ - Kankar (Kankar)
ईंट - Īṅṭ (Brick)
इष्टिका - Ishtikā (Burnt Brick)
इष्टिका - Ishtika (Brick)
शिला - Shilā (Stone)
जल - Jala (Water)
Sand

Related Styles

Styles
Indo-Islamic architecture style
Regional vernacular styles
Traditional Indian architecture
All Indian architectural styles
Mughal architecture
Indo-Islamic architecture
Nagara architecture style
All styles
Traditional Indian architecture style
Mughal architecture style
All Indic architectural styles
Sikh architecture
Colonial architecture style
Indo-Saracenic architecture
Rajput architecture style
Rajput architecture
Traditional Indian architecture styles
Bengal architecture style
Deccan architecture style
Indo-Saracenic architecture style
All traditional Indian architectural styles
Regional variations of Nagara and Dravidian styles
Regional variations of traditional architecture
Vernacular architecture
Traditional Indian Architecture
Regional variations
Dravidian architecture style
Ahom architecture
Sri Lankan architecture
Indo-Portuguese architecture
Vijayanagara architecture
Deccan architecture
Dravidian Architecture
Nagara Architecture
Vernacular Architecture

Related Categories

Categories
Temple
Fort
Water structures
Water Structures
Temples
Forts
Palaces
Residential Buildings
Tomb
Bridge
Residences
Palace
Residential
Water harvesting structures
Water tank
Well
House
Mosque
Water Harvesting Structures
Havelis
Wells
Stepwell
Monument
Water Tank
Mortar
All heritage categories

Conservation Notes

Notes
  • Improves durability of lime mortar
  • Reduces permeability
  • Requires proper mixing with lime
  • Proper proportioning is crucial for optimal performance
  • Should be free from organic impurities
  • Improves the durability of lime mortar
  • Improves mortar durability
  • Reduces cracking
  • Enhances water resistance
  • Ensure compatibility with lime mortar
  • Proper proportioning is crucial
  • Excessive Surkhi can weaken the mortar
  • Proper grinding is essential for reactivity
  • Store in dry conditions to prevent pre-hydration
  • Affects the color of the mortar
  • Reduces shrinkage cracking
  • Increases resistance to water penetration
  • Increases resistance to cracking
  • Proper grinding is essential for pozzolanic activity
  • Mixing ratio with lime affects mortar properties
  • Improves mortar's resistance to sulfate attack
  • Proper grading is essential for pozzolanic activity
  • Should be free from impurities
  • Proper particle size distribution is crucial
  • Affects color of mortar
  • Ensure proper burning of bricks for pozzolanic activity
  • Proper mixing ratio with lime is crucial
  • Can improve durability of lime mortar
  • May contain soluble salts
  • Requires proper mixing
  • Improves durability of mortar
  • Proper particle size is crucial
  • Affects mortar color
  • Improves resistance to sulfate attack
  • Ensure proper particle size distribution
  • Use with compatible lime
  • Can improve mortar durability
  • Store in dry conditions to prevent hydration
  • Use in appropriate proportions to avoid excessive shrinkage
  • Ensure proper mixing with lime and sand
  • Properly burnt bricks are essential
  • Particle size affects performance
  • Ensure proper particle size distribution for optimal performance
  • Compatible with lime-based systems
  • Proper proportioning is crucial to avoid cracking
  • Improves long-term durability of mortar
  • Requires proper mixing ratios
  • Increases durability of lime mortar
  • Reduces shrinkage cracks
  • Can affect color of mortar
  • Protect from moisture during storage
  • Improves the durability of lime mortar.
  • Reduces permeability.
  • Requires proper mixing and curing.
  • Increases resistance to sulfate attack
  • Requires proper mixing to ensure pozzolanic reaction
  • Ensure proper grinding and burning of bricks for optimal pozzolanic activity
  • Use appropriate proportions in lime mortar mix
  • Compatibility with original mortar
  • Fineness affects pozzolanic activity
  • Ensuring proper particle size distribution
  • Compatibility with lime
  • Avoiding excessive amounts
  • Improves mortar workability and reduces shrinkage
  • Can contribute to efflorescence if the original brick contains soluble salts
  • Increases water resistance
  • Ensure proper proportion in lime mortar mix
  • Use well-burnt and finely ground Surkhi
  • Improves durability of lime plaster
  • Requires proper grinding and sieving
  • Improves the durability and water resistance of lime mortar
  • Store in a dry place to prevent pre-hydration
  • Proper burning of bricks is crucial for pozzolanic activity
  • Proper grinding is essential
  • Compatibility with lime source
  • Moisture sensitivity during mixing
  • Requires proper proportioning in lime mortar
  • Potential for efflorescence if improperly burnt
  • Use well-burnt bricks for best results
  • Surkhi should be free from impurities and organic matter.
  • Proper proportioning is crucial for optimal performance.
  • Excessive Surkhi can reduce mortar workability.
  • Requires proper proportioning in mortar mix
  • Can contain soluble salts
  • Particle size affects pozzolanic activity
  • Ensure proper particle size distribution for optimal performance.
  • Store in dry conditions to prevent pre-hydration.
  • Use with high-quality lime for best results.
  • Proper proportioning is crucial to avoid excessive shrinkage
  • Properly burnt and pulverized Surkhi is essential for optimal performance
  • Can improve the durability of lime mortar in wet environments

Recommended Sources

TitleTypeNotes
Building Limes in IndiaReportSurkhi as a pozzolanic material
Pozzolanic Materials in Indian ConstructionJournal ArticleSurkhi properties and applications
Pozzolanic MaterialsTechnical ReportProperties and applications of pozzolanic materials in construction
Building Limes: Properties, Production and UseBookInformation on pozzolanic additives
Pozzolanic Materials in Ancient IndiaTechnical ReportAnalysis of Surkhi properties and uses
Pozzolanic Materials in ConstructionBookDetailed analysis of pozzolanic materials
Traditional Mortars in IndiaTechnical ReportComposition and properties
Building Materials and ConstructionTextbookPozzolanic materials
Lime and Lime MortarsBookSurkhi as a pozzolan
Traditional Indian Building MaterialsBookLime-Surkhi mortar
Traditional Knowledge Digital LibraryDatabaseTraditional building techniques
ASI Technical BulletinTechnical ReportMaterial analysis
Building Materials Research ReportsTechnical ReportSurkhi properties and applications
Central Building Research Institute ReportsTechnical ReportSurkhi properties and applications

Heritage Sites (25)

Frequently Asked Questions