செங்கல் - Sengal (Brick) | Inheritage Foundation Art & Architecture Thesaurus | Inheritage Foundation

Title	செங்கல் - Sengal (Brick) செங்கல் Sengal
Description	Sengal (Brick) used in Nataraja Temple are typically made from locally sourced clay, fired at temperatures between 900-1000°C. They have a compressive strength of 7-14 MPa and a water absorption rate of 15-20%. Brick dimensions vary but are typically around 23 x 11 x 7 cm.
Tags	ईंट Īnt Brick Clay Kiln Masonry इँटा Intā Firing Ahom Sivasagar इष्टका Ishtakā इष्टिका Ishtika Terracotta Telangana Ishtikā Fired Burnt Clay Udayagiri Karachi Īṣṭikā Eent Clay Brick Temple Kiln-Fired Sun-Dried Fired Brick Ceramic Assam Kamakhya Fired Clay Wall Bengal Neelum Valley Munger Surkhi Compressive Strength Īṅṭ Īṇṭ Īnta Īṅṭa Īṇṭa செங்கல் Ceṅkal Iṣṭikā Sengal
Material ID	`INHFMAT-554258292-20-11-25-SB`
URI	https://www.inheritage.foundation/aat/material/brick
API Endpoint	`https://inheritage.foundation/api/v1/aat/materials/brick`
Total Sites	1
Primary Sites	1
Created	November 20, 2025
Last Updated	November 20, 2025

Material Types

Types	Ceramic Clay Product Artificial Stone Burnt Clay Brick Terracotta Masonry Unit Fired Clay Clay Brick Clay Structural Clay Burnt Clay Fired Brick Manufactured Stone Building Material Sun-dried Brick Fired Clay Brick Terracotta Brick Surkhi Brick Common Brick Facing Brick Adobe Brick

Regions

Regions	West Bengal Bihar Uttar Pradesh Assam Bengal Central Province, Sri Lanka Punjab Tamil Nadu Rajasthan Telangana Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Haryana Kerala Chhattisgarh Sri Lanka Jammu and Kashmir Indus Valley Civilization Gangetic Plains Manipur Indus Valley Sindh South India Pan India Jharkhand All regions of India Uttarakhand Tripura Gujarat Pan-India Himachal Pradesh Karnataka Indo-Gangetic Plain Gangetic plains Arunachal Pradesh Meghalaya Kashmir Valley Madhya Pradesh North Central Province, Sri Lanka Pan-Indian Alluvial regions Mizoram Throughout India and Sri Lanka

West Bengal

Bihar

Uttar Pradesh

Assam

Bengal

Central Province, Sri Lanka

Punjab

Tamil Nadu

Rajasthan

Telangana

Andhra Pradesh

Maharashtra

Haryana

Kerala

Chhattisgarh

Sri Lanka

Jammu and Kashmir

Indus Valley Civilization

Gangetic Plains

Manipur

Indus Valley

Sindh

South India

Pan India

Jharkhand

All regions of India

Uttarakhand

Tripura

Gujarat

Pan-India

Himachal Pradesh

Karnataka

Indo-Gangetic Plain

Gangetic plains

Arunachal Pradesh

Meghalaya

Kashmir Valley

Madhya Pradesh

North Central Province, Sri Lanka

Pan-Indian

Alluvial regions

Mizoram

Throughout India and Sri Lanka

Historical Context

Time Periods	Ancient India Medieval Period CE British Colonial Period Ahom Dynasty Period Ahom Period (1228-1826) Mauryan Period (322-185 BCE) Gupta Period (320-550 CE) 3rd century BCE Gupta Period Satavahana Period (2nd century BCE-3rd century CE) Kakatiya Dynasty (12th-14th century CE) Gupta Period CE Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1700 BCE) Mughal Period (1526-1857 CE) Indus Valley Civilization Mauryan Period Modern Era Mughal Period Ahom Dynasty 16th century CE Maurya Empire (322-185 BCE) Gupta Empire (320-550 CE) 17th century CE Ancient Period Modern Period CE Colonial Period 20th Century CE 3300 BCE (Indus Valley) 14th century CE Pala Period Ahom Kingdom (1228-1826) 3rd century BCE (Maurya Period) 14th-17th century CE Likely pre-10th century CE Maurya Empire Gupta Empire 18th century CE Colonial Period CE Ancient times Mughal Period (16th-18th century CE) 17th-18th century CE Modern Period British Colonial Period (1757-1947) 18th Century CE Modern Qutb Shahi Dynasty 5th-6th century CE 19th Century CE Maurya Period Sikh Empire 3rd millennium BCE (Indus Valley Civilization) 12th century CE Indus Valley Civilization BCE 19th century CE 12th Century CE Kalachuri Period Ancient Medieval 16th-17th century CE Sikh Period Vijayanagara Period Ancient Period BCE Kushan Empire (1st-3rd century CE) Maurya Period (3rd century BCE) Gupta Period (4th-6th century CE) Mughal Empire Delhi Sultanate 16th-18th century CE 5th-8th century CE Gupta period (4th-6th century CE) 6th-12th century CE Early Modern Period Mughal Period CE Sikh Empire Period CE 11th century CE Kalachuri period Maurya Period (322-185 BCE) 11th Century CE 3rd century BCE - Medieval Period CE Ancient Times Chola Period (9th-13th century CE) Nayaka Period (16th-17th century CE) Mauryan Empire (322-185 BCE) Mauryan Empire Early Dynastic Period Medieval Period Chola Period CE Nayaka Period CE Chola Period Mauryan Period BCE 9th century CE
Dynasties	Maurya Gupta Mughal Ahom Dynasty Pala Chola Maurya Empire Gupta Empire Chola Dynasty Satavahana Kakatiya Mauryan Dynasty Gupta Dynasty Mughal Dynasty Ahom Portuguese Qutb Shahi dynasty Mauryan Pala dynasty Kandyan Meitei Reddy Dynasty Shunga Vijayanagara Possibly Tomara or Chauhan Kushan Gajapati dynasty Vijayanagara Empire Delhi Sultanate Asaf Jahi dynasty Rajput Maurya Dynasty Ahom dynasty Regional Dynasties Mughal Empire (influence) All dynasties Qutb Shahi Tughlaq Dynasty Sikh Various Chauhan Dynasty Koch dynasty Maurya dynasty Gupta dynasty Mughal dynasty Rana Dynasty Kalachuri Dynasty Koch Dynasty Katoch Dynasty Mughal Empire Sikh Empire Kushana Vakataka Solanki British Nayaka Dynasty Jaintia Kings Maratha Nala dynasty Kalachuri dynasty Karkota Dynasty Utpala Dynasty Kalachuri Eastern Ganga Dynasty Anuradhapura Kingdom Mauryan Empire Tripura Kingdom Chera Dynasty Local rulers Pandya Nayaka

Time Periods

Ancient India

Medieval Period CE

British Colonial Period

Ahom Dynasty Period

Ahom Period (1228-1826)

Mauryan Period (322-185 BCE)

Gupta Period (320-550 CE)

3rd century BCE

Gupta Period

Satavahana Period (2nd century BCE-3rd century CE)

Kakatiya Dynasty (12th-14th century CE)

Gupta Period CE

Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1700 BCE)

Mughal Period (1526-1857 CE)

Indus Valley Civilization

Mauryan Period

Modern Era

Mughal Period

Ahom Dynasty

16th century CE

Maurya Empire (322-185 BCE)

Gupta Empire (320-550 CE)

17th century CE

Ancient Period

Modern Period CE

Colonial Period

20th Century CE

3300 BCE (Indus Valley)

14th century CE

Pala Period

Ahom Kingdom (1228-1826)

3rd century BCE (Maurya Period)

14th-17th century CE

Likely pre-10th century CE

Maurya Empire

Gupta Empire

18th century CE

Colonial Period CE

Ancient times

Mughal Period (16th-18th century CE)

17th-18th century CE

Modern Period

British Colonial Period (1757-1947)

18th Century CE

Modern

Qutb Shahi Dynasty

5th-6th century CE

19th Century CE

Maurya Period

Sikh Empire

3rd millennium BCE (Indus Valley Civilization)

12th century CE

Indus Valley Civilization BCE

19th century CE

12th Century CE

Kalachuri Period

Ancient

Medieval

16th-17th century CE

Sikh Period

Vijayanagara Period

Ancient Period BCE

Kushan Empire (1st-3rd century CE)

Maurya Period (3rd century BCE)

Gupta Period (4th-6th century CE)

Mughal Empire

Delhi Sultanate

16th-18th century CE

5th-8th century CE

Gupta period (4th-6th century CE)

6th-12th century CE

Early Modern Period

Mughal Period CE

Sikh Empire Period CE

11th century CE

Kalachuri period

Maurya Period (322-185 BCE)

11th Century CE

3rd century BCE - Medieval Period CE

Ancient Times

Chola Period (9th-13th century CE)

Nayaka Period (16th-17th century CE)

Mauryan Empire (322-185 BCE)

Mauryan Empire

Early Dynastic Period

Medieval Period

Chola Period CE

Nayaka Period CE

Chola Period

Mauryan Period BCE

9th century CE

Dynasties

Maurya

Gupta

Mughal

Ahom Dynasty

Pala

Chola

Maurya Empire

Gupta Empire

Chola Dynasty

Satavahana

Kakatiya

Mauryan Dynasty

Gupta Dynasty

Mughal Dynasty

Ahom

Portuguese

Qutb Shahi dynasty

Mauryan

Pala dynasty

Kandyan

Meitei

Reddy Dynasty

Shunga

Vijayanagara

Possibly Tomara or Chauhan

Kushan

Gajapati dynasty

Vijayanagara Empire

Delhi Sultanate

Asaf Jahi dynasty

Rajput

Maurya Dynasty

Ahom dynasty

Regional Dynasties

Mughal Empire (influence)

All dynasties

Qutb Shahi

Tughlaq Dynasty

Sikh

Various

Chauhan Dynasty

Koch dynasty

Maurya dynasty

Gupta dynasty

Mughal dynasty

Rana Dynasty

Kalachuri Dynasty

Koch Dynasty

Katoch Dynasty

Mughal Empire

Sikh Empire

Kushana

Vakataka

Solanki

British

Nayaka Dynasty

Jaintia Kings

Maratha

Nala dynasty

Kalachuri dynasty

Karkota Dynasty

Utpala Dynasty

Kalachuri

Eastern Ganga Dynasty

Anuradhapura Kingdom

Mauryan Empire

Tripura Kingdom

Chera Dynasty

Local rulers

Pandya

Nayaka

Geographic Sources

Sources	Local kilns near Kolkata Brickfields along the Ganges Local clay deposits near Charaideo Local clay deposits near Sivasagar Local clay pits near Patna Brick kilns along the Ganges Local brick kilns near Adam's Peak Ganga River basin clay deposits Local kilns near construction sites Local clay pits Brick kilns near riverbeds Local clay pits near settlements Ganga river basin clay deposits Brick kilns near settlements Local brick kilns near Basar (specific names unknown) Ancient brick kilns near riverbeds Local clay deposits along riverbanks Local clay pits in Punjab region Brick kilns near Fatehgarh Sahib Local kilns near riverbeds Gangetic plains clay deposits Local clay deposits near riverbeds Brick kilns in rural areas Specific clay deposits in Bihar Local clay pits near riverbeds Brick kilns along riverbanks Local clay pits near Rajgir Specific regional kilns Brick kilns in Bengal region Brick kilns near construction sites Local brick kilns in Kannur district Local brick kilns near Kolkata Specific clay deposits along the Ganges Local brick kilns in Kamrup district, Assam Local brick kilns near Bhadrachalam Local brick kilns near Janjgir-Champa Clay deposits along the Mahanadi River Gangetic plains Local kilns near Raipur Clay deposits along riverbanks Local brick kilns near Vijayawada Local brick kilns near Hajo, Assam Specific clay deposits in Sri Lanka Local brick kilns near Srinagar Local clay deposits near brick kilns Local brick kilns near Kondapalli Local clay deposits along the Ganges River Brick kilns near Patna Specific regional sources Local clay deposits near riverbanks Brick kilns in Assam region Local clay deposits Alluvial plains Riverbeds Specific local kilns Local clay deposits near Kurukshetra Gangetic plain clay deposits Riverbed clay sources Local kilns Local brick kilns near Udayagiri Local Sindh clay deposits Local brick kilns along the Hooghly River Alluvial clay deposits Brick kilns near urban centers Local brick kilns Brick kilns near Agra Local clay deposits near settlements Local brick kilns near Guwahati Local brick kilns near Sonepur Local clay deposits near Deoghar Brick kilns in surrounding areas Local clay pits near Barrackpore Local brick kilns near Deoghar Local brick kilns using alluvial clay deposits Local clay deposits in Tripura Brick kilns near Agartala Local clay deposits near Hyderabad specific geographic sources Local clay deposits near Tezpur Local clay pits near construction sites Local kilns near Ahmedabad Local clay deposits near construction sites Local brick kilns near Hisar Local brick kilns near Amritsar Brickfields along the Ravi River Local kilns near Hansi Local brick kilns near Giridih Local brick kilns near Raipur Local brick kilns in Kamrup district Alluvial clay deposits along Brahmaputra river Brick kilns Local brick kilns using alluvial clay Local clay deposits near Janjgir Alluvial clay deposits of Brahmaputra valley Local brick kilns near Kangra Local brick kilns near Chittoor Riverbeds for clay Local brick kilns near Varanasi specific brick kilns Clay deposits Brick kilns in Murshidabad district Brick kilns in Gujarat Local clay deposits near Gaya Brickfields along the Sabarmati River Brick kilns in Punjab region Local brick kilns in Haryana and surrounding regions Local brick kilns near Madurai Local clay deposits near Bhalukpong Specific riverbank clay sources Local brick kilns near Munger Alluvial clay deposits of the Ganges Clay pits Local brick kilns near Nartiang Specific brick kilns in Gujarat Local Sindh brick kilns Brick kilns near Ahmedabad specific clay sources Local clay pits in Punjab Brick kilns near Patiala Brick kilns near rivers Local clay deposits near Rajim Brick kilns in Chhattisgarh Local brick kilns near Mathura Local clay deposits in Neelum Valley Local brick kilns near riverbeds Local kilns near Patiala Local kilns near Kanker Clay deposits near Mahanadi river Clay deposits near rivers Local brick kilns near Mumbai Kilns along the Indus River Indus Valley clay deposits specific regional kilns Local brick kilns near Visakhapatnam Alluvial clay deposits along the Ganges River Local clay pits near Anuradhapura Local brick kilns near Sudhanoti Local clay deposits near Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Brick kilns near Sundernagar Local kilns near Surat Specific clay deposits along the Tapi River Brick kilns in Punjab Local brick kilns near Udaipur, Tripura Local clay pits near Mayiladuthurai Locally produced from clay deposits Specific brick kilns regional clay pits Local brick kilns near Gingee Alluvial plains of the Ganges Specific clay deposits Specific clay deposits near rivers Local brick kilns near construction sites Local clay deposits near Khammam Brick kilns in Telangana Local brick kilns near alluvial soil deposits Local brick kilns near Nellore Regional clay deposits Specific geographic sources Local clay deposits near rivers Local clay deposits near Dantewada Local clay pits near Thanjavur Local clay pits near Thiruketheeswaram Gangetic plains (historical) Kilns near Chidambaram

Sources

Local kilns near Kolkata

Brickfields along the Ganges

Local clay deposits near Charaideo

Local clay deposits near Sivasagar

Local clay pits near Patna

Brick kilns along the Ganges

Local brick kilns near Adam's Peak

Ganga River basin clay deposits

Local kilns near construction sites

Local clay pits

Brick kilns near riverbeds

Local clay pits near settlements

Ganga river basin clay deposits

Brick kilns near settlements

Local brick kilns near Basar (specific names unknown)

Ancient brick kilns near riverbeds

Local clay deposits along riverbanks

Local clay pits in Punjab region

Brick kilns near Fatehgarh Sahib

Local kilns near riverbeds

Gangetic plains clay deposits

Local clay deposits near riverbeds

Brick kilns in rural areas

Specific clay deposits in Bihar

Local clay pits near riverbeds

Brick kilns along riverbanks

Local clay pits near Rajgir

Specific regional kilns

Brick kilns in Bengal region

Brick kilns near construction sites

Local brick kilns in Kannur district

Local brick kilns near Kolkata

Specific clay deposits along the Ganges

Local brick kilns in Kamrup district, Assam

Local brick kilns near Bhadrachalam

Local brick kilns near Janjgir-Champa

Clay deposits along the Mahanadi River

Gangetic plains

Local kilns near Raipur

Clay deposits along riverbanks

Local brick kilns near Vijayawada

Local brick kilns near Hajo, Assam

Specific clay deposits in Sri Lanka

Local brick kilns near Srinagar

Local clay deposits near brick kilns

Local brick kilns near Kondapalli

Local clay deposits along the Ganges River

Brick kilns near Patna

Specific regional sources

Local clay deposits near riverbanks

Brick kilns in Assam region

Local clay deposits

Alluvial plains

Riverbeds

Specific local kilns

Local clay deposits near Kurukshetra

Gangetic plain clay deposits

Riverbed clay sources

Local kilns

Local brick kilns near Udayagiri

Local Sindh clay deposits

Local brick kilns along the Hooghly River

Alluvial clay deposits

Brick kilns near urban centers

Local brick kilns

Brick kilns near Agra

Local clay deposits near settlements

Local brick kilns near Guwahati

Local brick kilns near Sonepur

Local clay deposits near Deoghar

Brick kilns in surrounding areas

Local clay pits near Barrackpore

Local brick kilns near Deoghar

Local brick kilns using alluvial clay deposits

Local clay deposits in Tripura

Brick kilns near Agartala

Local clay deposits near Hyderabad

specific geographic sources

Local clay deposits near Tezpur

Local clay pits near construction sites

Local kilns near Ahmedabad

Local clay deposits near construction sites

Local brick kilns near Hisar

Local brick kilns near Amritsar

Brickfields along the Ravi River

Local kilns near Hansi

Local brick kilns near Giridih

Local brick kilns near Raipur

Local brick kilns in Kamrup district

Alluvial clay deposits along Brahmaputra river

Brick kilns

Local brick kilns using alluvial clay

Local clay deposits near Janjgir

Alluvial clay deposits of Brahmaputra valley

Local brick kilns near Kangra

Local brick kilns near Chittoor

Riverbeds for clay

Local brick kilns near Varanasi

specific brick kilns

Clay deposits

Brick kilns in Murshidabad district

Brick kilns in Gujarat

Local clay deposits near Gaya

Brickfields along the Sabarmati River

Brick kilns in Punjab region

Local brick kilns in Haryana and surrounding regions

Local brick kilns near Madurai

Local clay deposits near Bhalukpong

Specific riverbank clay sources

Local brick kilns near Munger

Alluvial clay deposits of the Ganges

Clay pits

Local brick kilns near Nartiang

Specific brick kilns in Gujarat

Local Sindh brick kilns

Brick kilns near Ahmedabad

specific clay sources

Local clay pits in Punjab

Brick kilns near Patiala

Brick kilns near rivers

Local clay deposits near Rajim

Brick kilns in Chhattisgarh

Local brick kilns near Mathura

Local clay deposits in Neelum Valley

Local brick kilns near riverbeds

Local kilns near Patiala

Local kilns near Kanker

Clay deposits near Mahanadi river

Clay deposits near rivers

Local brick kilns near Mumbai

Kilns along the Indus River

Indus Valley clay deposits

specific regional kilns

Local brick kilns near Visakhapatnam

Alluvial clay deposits along the Ganges River

Local clay pits near Anuradhapura

Local brick kilns near Sudhanoti

Local clay deposits near Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh

Brick kilns near Sundernagar

Local kilns near Surat

Specific clay deposits along the Tapi River

Brick kilns in Punjab

Local brick kilns near Udaipur, Tripura

Local clay pits near Mayiladuthurai

Locally produced from clay deposits

Specific brick kilns

regional clay pits

Local brick kilns near Gingee

Alluvial plains of the Ganges

Specific clay deposits

Specific clay deposits near rivers

Local brick kilns near construction sites

Local clay deposits near Khammam

Brick kilns in Telangana

Local brick kilns near alluvial soil deposits

Local brick kilns near Nellore

Regional clay deposits

Specific geographic sources

Local clay deposits near rivers

Local clay deposits near Dantewada

Local clay pits near Thanjavur

Local clay pits near Thiruketheeswaram

Gangetic plains (historical)

Kilns near Chidambaram

Properties

Properties	Compressive strength: 3.5-35 MPa Water absorption: 15-20% Density: 1600-1900 kg/m³ Thermal conductivity: 0.6-1.0 W/mK Compressive strength: 10-35 MPa Water absorption: 15-25% Density: 1600-2200 kg/m³ Compressive strength: 10-20 MPa Density: 1600-1800 kg/m³ Thermal conductivity: 0.6-0.8 W/mK Density: 1600-1920 kg/m³ Compressive strength: 3.5-7 MPa Firing temperature: 900-1000°C Water absorption: 5-20% Water absorption: 10-20% Compressive strength: 3.5-14 MPa Density: 1.6-2.0 g/cm³ Porosity: 15-25% Thermal conductivity: 0.6-1.0 W/m.K Compressive strength: 15-30 MPa Compressive strength: 3.5-35 N/mm² Compressive strength: 5-20 MPa Density: 1600-2000 kg/m³ Firing temperature: 800-1000°C Density: 1.6-1.8 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 5-15 MPa Firing temperature: 900-1100 °C Compressive strength: 7-14 MPa Firing temperature: 800-950°C Compressive strength: 5-10 MPa Density: 1.8-2.0 g/cm³ Firing temperature: 800-900°C Density: 1.6-2.2 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 5-35 MPa Porosity: 20-25% Compressive strength: 15-25 MPa Porosity: 15-20% Water absorption: 10-15% Compressive strength: 3.5-10 MPa Compressive strength: 5-30 MPa (depending on firing) Compressive strength (Pakka): 7-10 MPa Water absorption (Pakka): 15-20% Density (Pakka): 1.8-2.0 g/cm³ Firing temperature (Pakka): 800-900°C Compressive strength: 5-40 MPa Firing temperature: 900-1100°C Compressive Strength: 5-40 MPa Water Absorption: 10-25% Firing Temperature: 900-1100 °C Compressive strength: 3-30 MPa (depending on firing) Compressive strength: 3.5-35 MPa (depending on class) Firing temperature: 900-1200 °C Compressive strength: 10-15 MPa Compressive strength: 5-30 MPa Porosity: 20-30% Firing temperature: 800-1100°C Water absorption: 10-25% Compressive strength: 3.5-20 MPa Porosity: 10-25% Compressive strength: 15-40 MPa Density: 1800-2000 kg/m³ Compressive strength: 3.5-70 MPa Water absorption: 5-25% Thermal conductivity: 0.84 W/mK Compressive strength: 5-40 MPa (depending on firing) Compressive strength: 10-30 MPa Compressive strength: 5-40 MPa (depending on class) Density: 1.8-2.2 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 10-40 MPa (depending on firing) Compressive strength: 3.5-15 MPa

Compressive strength: 3.5-35 MPa

Water absorption: 15-20%

Density: 1600-1900 kg/m³

Thermal conductivity: 0.6-1.0 W/mK

Compressive strength: 10-35 MPa

Water absorption: 15-25%

Density: 1600-2200 kg/m³

Compressive strength: 10-20 MPa

Density: 1600-1800 kg/m³

Thermal conductivity: 0.6-0.8 W/mK

Density: 1600-1920 kg/m³

Compressive strength: 3.5-7 MPa

Firing temperature: 900-1000°C

Water absorption: 5-20%

Water absorption: 10-20%

Compressive strength: 3.5-14 MPa

Density: 1.6-2.0 g/cm³

Porosity: 15-25%

Thermal conductivity: 0.6-1.0 W/m.K

Compressive strength: 15-30 MPa

Compressive strength: 3.5-35 N/mm²

Compressive strength: 5-20 MPa

Density: 1600-2000 kg/m³

Firing temperature: 800-1000°C

Density: 1.6-1.8 g/cm³

Compressive strength: 5-15 MPa

Firing temperature: 900-1100 °C

Compressive strength: 7-14 MPa

Firing temperature: 800-950°C

Compressive strength: 5-10 MPa

Density: 1.8-2.0 g/cm³

Firing temperature: 800-900°C

Density: 1.6-2.2 g/cm³

Compressive strength: 5-35 MPa

Porosity: 20-25%

Compressive strength: 15-25 MPa

Porosity: 15-20%

Water absorption: 10-15%

Compressive strength: 3.5-10 MPa

Compressive strength: 5-30 MPa (depending on firing)

Compressive strength (Pakka): 7-10 MPa

Water absorption (Pakka): 15-20%

Density (Pakka): 1.8-2.0 g/cm³

Firing temperature (Pakka): 800-900°C

Compressive strength: 5-40 MPa

Firing temperature: 900-1100°C

Compressive Strength: 5-40 MPa

Water Absorption: 10-25%

Firing Temperature: 900-1100 °C

Compressive strength: 3-30 MPa (depending on firing)

Compressive strength: 3.5-35 MPa (depending on class)

Firing temperature: 900-1200 °C

Compressive strength: 10-15 MPa

Compressive strength: 5-30 MPa

Porosity: 20-30%

Firing temperature: 800-1100°C

Water absorption: 10-25%

Compressive strength: 3.5-20 MPa

Porosity: 10-25%

Compressive strength: 15-40 MPa

Density: 1800-2000 kg/m³

Compressive strength: 3.5-70 MPa

Water absorption: 5-25%

Thermal conductivity: 0.84 W/mK

Compressive strength: 5-40 MPa (depending on firing)

Compressive strength: 10-30 MPa

Compressive strength: 5-40 MPa (depending on class)

Density: 1.8-2.2 g/cm³

Compressive strength: 10-40 MPa (depending on firing)

Compressive strength: 3.5-15 MPa

Common Uses

Uses	Load-bearing walls Partition walls Paving Arches Vaults Vaulted roofs Well linings Facing Vaulting Ornamental brickwork Non-load bearing walls Ornamental features Facing material Pavements Walls Ornamental details Foundation Wall construction Decorative elements Decorative facades Arches and vaults Linings of wells Superstructure Surkhi (Brick Dust) production Infill material Drainage systems Decorative brickwork Linings Enclosure walls Surkhi production Foundations Infill walls Domes Ornamental work Vaulted roofs (as brick tiles) Secondary walls Linings for wells Infill panels Vaulted roofs (in some cases) Infill Linings for kunds Decorative panels Interior walls Vaulted roofs (rare)

Uses

Load-bearing walls

Partition walls

Paving

Arches

Vaults

Vaulted roofs

Well linings

Facing

Vaulting

Ornamental brickwork

Non-load bearing walls

Ornamental features

Facing material

Pavements

Walls

Ornamental details

Foundation

Wall construction

Decorative elements

Decorative facades

Arches and vaults

Linings of wells

Superstructure

Surkhi (Brick Dust) production

Infill material

Drainage systems

Decorative brickwork

Linings

Enclosure walls

Surkhi production

Foundations

Infill walls

Domes

Ornamental work

Vaulted roofs (as brick tiles)

Secondary walls

Linings for wells

Infill panels

Vaulted roofs (in some cases)

Infill

Linings for kunds

Decorative panels

Interior walls

Vaulted roofs (rare)

Related Materials

Materials	चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) सुरखी - Surkhi (Brick Dust) कंकड़ - Kankar (Lime Nodules) Kāshtha (Wood) Kankar (Lime Nodules) Kāshtha (Timber) Kāshtha (Wood) for scaffolding जल - Jala (Water) रेत - Ret (Sand) मिट्टी - Mitti (Clay) Stone masonry Cement mortar लकड़ी - Lakdi (Wood) for scaffolding मिट्टी - Mitti (Mud Plaster) बालू - Bālū (Sand) बाली - Bālī (Sand) मृत्तिका - Mrittika (Clay) Mud Mortar रेती - Retī (Sand) मृत्तिका - Mrittikā (Terracotta) पलस्तर - Palastar (Plaster) मिट्टी - Mitti (Mud) मिट्टी - Miṭṭī (Clay) मिट्टी - Mittī (Mud) मिट्टी - Mittī (Clay) Bājri (Gravel) कंकड़ - Kankar (Gravel) गाारा - Gārā (Mud Mortar) रेती - Reti (Sand) गोबर - Gobar (Cow Dung) मिट्टी - Miṭṭī (Mud) मिट्टी का गारा - Miṭṭī kā Gārā (Mud Mortar) लकड़ी - Lakadi (Wood) Kāshtha (Wood) for firing गाारा - Gāra (Mud Mortar) சுண்ணாம்புச் சாந்து - Cuṇṇāmpuc cāntu (Lime Mortar) சுர்க்கி - Curkki (Surkhi) மண் சாந்து - Maṇ cāntu (Mud Mortar) சுண்ணாம்பு - Chunāmbū (Lime Mortar) சுர்க்கி - Surkhi (Brick Dust) மணல் - Manal (Sand)

Materials

चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar)

सुरखी - Surkhi (Brick Dust)

कंकड़ - Kankar (Lime Nodules)

Kāshtha (Wood)

Kankar (Lime Nodules)

Kāshtha (Timber)

Kāshtha (Wood) for scaffolding

जल - Jala (Water)

रेत - Ret (Sand)

मिट्टी - Mitti (Clay)

Stone masonry

Cement mortar

लकड़ी - Lakdi (Wood) for scaffolding

मिट्टी - Mitti (Mud Plaster)

बालू - Bālū (Sand)

बाली - Bālī (Sand)

मृत्तिका - Mrittika (Clay)

Mud Mortar

रेती - Retī (Sand)

मृत्तिका - Mrittikā (Terracotta)

पलस्तर - Palastar (Plaster)

मिट्टी - Mitti (Mud)

मिट्टी - Miṭṭī (Clay)

मिट्टी - Mittī (Mud)

मिट्टी - Mittī (Clay)

Bājri (Gravel)

कंकड़ - Kankar (Gravel)

गाारा - Gārā (Mud Mortar)

रेती - Reti (Sand)

गोबर - Gobar (Cow Dung)

मिट्टी - Miṭṭī (Mud)

मिट्टी का गारा - Miṭṭī kā Gārā (Mud Mortar)

लकड़ी - Lakadi (Wood)

Kāshtha (Wood) for firing

गाारा - Gāra (Mud Mortar)

சுண்ணாம்புச் சாந்து - Cuṇṇāmpuc cāntu (Lime Mortar)

சுர்க்கி - Curkki (Surkhi)

மண் சாந்து - Maṇ cāntu (Mud Mortar)

சுண்ணாம்பு - Chunāmbū (Lime Mortar)

சுர்க்கி - Surkhi (Brick Dust)

மணல் - Manal (Sand)

Related Styles

Styles	Bengal architecture Indo-Islamic architecture Colonial architecture Ahom architecture style Bengal architecture style Ahom architecture Sri Lankan architecture Bengal terracotta architecture Bengal terracotta architecture style Indo-Islamic architecture style Dravidian architecture style Kakatiya architecture style Sikh architecture style Mughal architecture Mauryan architecture style Gupta architecture style Bengal terracotta temple architecture Indo-Portuguese architecture Traditional Indian vernacular architecture Assamese temple architecture Nagara architecture style Gupta architecture Nagara architecture Kashmiri Architecture Bengal terracotta temples Meitei architecture Vijayanagara architecture style Mauryan architecture Vijayanagara architecture Deccan architecture Bengal Temple Architecture Rajput architecture style Vernacular architecture Regional temple architecture Indo-Islamic architecture (influence) All styles Kumaoni architecture Deccani architecture style Gujarati architecture style Sikh architecture Traditional Indian architecture Assam type architecture Indo-Nepalese architecture Assamese architecture Temple architecture style Indus Valley architecture style All Indic architectural styles British Colonial architecture Gujarati vernacular architecture Indo-Saracenic architecture style Sikh Architecture Rajput Architecture Mughal architecture style Indo-Islamic Architecture Bengal Architecture Regional vernacular architecture Temple architecture Haveli architecture Indus Valley Civilization architecture Kashmiri Temple Architecture Maratha architecture style Modern Indian Temple Architecture Kalinga architecture Ancient Sri Lankan architecture Buddhist architecture Rajput architecture Pahari architecture style Colonial architecture style Kerala architecture style Dravidian Architecture Nagara Architecture Vernacular Architecture Vernacular architecture style

Styles

Bengal architecture

Indo-Islamic architecture

Colonial architecture

Ahom architecture style

Bengal architecture style

Ahom architecture

Sri Lankan architecture

Bengal terracotta architecture

Bengal terracotta architecture style

Indo-Islamic architecture style

Dravidian architecture style

Kakatiya architecture style

Sikh architecture style

Mughal architecture

Mauryan architecture style

Gupta architecture style

Bengal terracotta temple architecture

Indo-Portuguese architecture

Traditional Indian vernacular architecture

Assamese temple architecture

Nagara architecture style

Gupta architecture

Nagara architecture

Kashmiri Architecture

Bengal terracotta temples

Meitei architecture

Vijayanagara architecture style

Mauryan architecture

Vijayanagara architecture

Deccan architecture

Bengal Temple Architecture

Rajput architecture style

Vernacular architecture

Regional temple architecture

Indo-Islamic architecture (influence)

All styles

Kumaoni architecture

Deccani architecture style

Gujarati architecture style

Sikh architecture

Traditional Indian architecture

Assam type architecture

Indo-Nepalese architecture

Assamese architecture

Temple architecture style

Indus Valley architecture style

All Indic architectural styles

British Colonial architecture

Gujarati vernacular architecture

Indo-Saracenic architecture style

Sikh Architecture

Rajput Architecture

Mughal architecture style

Indo-Islamic Architecture

Bengal Architecture

Regional vernacular architecture

Temple architecture

Haveli architecture

Indus Valley Civilization architecture

Kashmiri Temple Architecture

Maratha architecture style

Modern Indian Temple Architecture

Kalinga architecture

Ancient Sri Lankan architecture

Buddhist architecture

Rajput architecture

Pahari architecture style

Colonial architecture style

Kerala architecture style

Dravidian Architecture

Nagara Architecture

Vernacular Architecture

Vernacular architecture style

Related Categories

Categories	Residential buildings Public buildings Forts Palace Temple Fortification Fort Stupa Pilgrimage Site Residential Buildings Gurdwara Residential Monastery Fortifications Arches Vaults Temples Stepwells Wells Walls Residential architecture Wall Arch Residential Architecture Gateway House Havelis Vihara Public Buildings All categories Mosque Tomb Stepwell Haveli Palaces Religious Structures Residential Building Mandapa Gopuram Domestic Architecture Residential building Public Building Houses Structural Component Residential Structures Pavement Kund Infrastructure Religious

Conservation Notes

Notes	Susceptible to salt efflorescence Requires breathable lime-based mortars for repointing Protect from rising damp Vulnerable to erosion from heavy rainfall Susceptible to efflorescence due to salt migration Requires breathable lime-based mortars for repair Protection from water ingress is crucial Erosion due to weathering Requires repointing with compatible mortar Susceptible to salt attack and efflorescence Requires regular inspection and repair of mortar joints Requires breathable lime mortars Protection from rising damp Requires breathable mortar Protect from water damage Vulnerable to erosion from water damage Requires breathable lime-based pointing Vulnerable to erosion in humid climates Requires breathable lime-based repointing mortars Vulnerable to freeze-thaw cycles in colder climates Susceptible to salt attack Protection from water damage is crucial Requires breathable lime-based pointing mortars Vulnerable to erosion from rainwater Requires breathable lime mortars for repointing Bricks are susceptible to salt attack and efflorescence in coastal areas. Requires regular monitoring for cracks and spalling. Repointing with compatible lime mortar is essential. Requires protection from rising damp Repair with compatible clay bricks and lime mortar Requires breathable pointing mortars Protection from rising damp is crucial Requires breathable mortars Prone to cracking Susceptible to efflorescence due to soluble salts Requires repointing with compatible lime mortar Cracking due to thermal stress Susceptible to efflorescence Vulnerable to frost damage in colder climates Requires breathable lime-based mortars Protection from water ingress Requires breathable lime plaster Requires breathable mortars for repair Protection from water damage Requires desalination treatments Cracking and spalling Vulnerable to freeze-thaw cycles Susceptible to salt attack and freeze-thaw damage Erosion control Cracking due to freeze-thaw cycles Efflorescence Cracking due to moisture Requires careful repointing with compatible mortar Requires repointing with lime mortar Vulnerable to freeze-thaw damage in colder climates Requires proper drainage to prevent water damage Avoid cement-based repairs Susceptible to salt attack and efflorescence. Requires breathable lime-based mortars for repair. Prone to cracking due to thermal stress. Requires breathable lime-based mortars for repointing. Protect from rising damp. Requires breathable mortars for repointing. Protection from rising damp is crucial. Cracking due to thermal expansion. Avoid cement-based mortars Erosion of surface Kaccha bricks are highly vulnerable to erosion Vulnerable to freeze-thaw damage Cracking Susceptible to efflorescence due to salt content in clay Requires desalination treatment Susceptible to salt attack and freeze-thaw damage. Requires breathable lime mortars for repointing. Efflorescence removal is crucial. Can be damaged by freeze-thaw cycles Susceptible to salt attack and disintegration Repointing with compatible lime mortar Requires breathable lime mortar for repointing Damage from rising damp Susceptible to efflorescence due to salt content Use of sacrificial lime plaster to protect brickwork Proper firing is essential for durability Susceptible to salt efflorescence and erosion due to high porosity. Requires repointing of mortar joints Requires careful cleaning to avoid abrasion Brick spalling due to freeze-thaw cycles (if applicable) Prone to cracking due to freeze-thaw cycles Spalling due to freeze-thaw cycles Efflorescence removal with gentle brushing Prone to cracking in freeze-thaw cycles Biological growth removal Requires breathable lime-based repointing Requires repointing Efflorescence removal Susceptible to moisture damage Salt efflorescence can cause disintegration Requires breathable mortars for repointing Requires breathable lime mortar for pointing Brick consolidation with ethyl silicate Prone to cracking due to thermal stress Vulnerable to cracking due to thermal stress Use of breathable mortars Efflorescence due to salt migration Biological growth Prone to cracking and spalling Bricks are susceptible to salt efflorescence and erosion due to moisture; requires proper drainage and application of breathable water repellents. Cracked or damaged bricks should be replaced with compatible bricks using lime mortar. Requires proper pointing Susceptible to salt attack and frost damage Requires breathable mortar for repairs May exhibit efflorescence Susceptible to salt efflorescence and frost damage Requires breathable lime mortars for repairs Susceptible to salt crystallization and efflorescence Use of breathable lime-based mortars for repairs Efflorescence due to soluble salts Salt crystallization Requires breathable pointing Potential for cracking due to freeze-thaw cycles Cracking due to freeze-thaw cycles. Vulnerable to frost damage Vulnerable to erosion from wind and rain Bricks are susceptible to efflorescence due to salt migration. Cracking can occur due to thermal stress. Requires repointing with compatible lime mortar. Susceptible to salt attack and freeze-thaw damage. Requires breathable mortars for repairs. Avoid cement-based pointing; use lime-based mortars. Efflorescence can be a problem Susceptible to salt crystallization Requires careful repointing Replacement with compatible bricks Efflorescence can cause surface damage Spalling Frost damage Requires breathable mortar for repointing May require surface treatment for water repellency Efflorescence removal is necessary Frost damage can occur in cold climates Susceptible to salt attack and frost damage. Efflorescence is a common problem. Susceptible to salt crystallization and erosion Cracking and spalling can occur due to weathering Susceptible to salt attack and erosion Needs protection from rising damp

Notes

Susceptible to salt efflorescence
Requires breathable lime-based mortars for repointing
Protect from rising damp
Vulnerable to erosion from heavy rainfall
Susceptible to efflorescence due to salt migration
Requires breathable lime-based mortars for repair
Protection from water ingress is crucial
Erosion due to weathering
Requires repointing with compatible mortar
Susceptible to salt attack and efflorescence
Requires regular inspection and repair of mortar joints
Requires breathable lime mortars
Protection from rising damp
Requires breathable mortar
Protect from water damage
Vulnerable to erosion from water damage
Requires breathable lime-based pointing
Vulnerable to erosion in humid climates
Requires breathable lime-based repointing mortars
Vulnerable to freeze-thaw cycles in colder climates
Susceptible to salt attack
Protection from water damage is crucial
Requires breathable lime-based pointing mortars
Vulnerable to erosion from rainwater
Requires breathable lime mortars for repointing
Bricks are susceptible to salt attack and efflorescence in coastal areas.
Requires regular monitoring for cracks and spalling.
Repointing with compatible lime mortar is essential.
Requires protection from rising damp
Repair with compatible clay bricks and lime mortar
Requires breathable pointing mortars
Protection from rising damp is crucial
Requires breathable mortars
Prone to cracking
Susceptible to efflorescence due to soluble salts
Requires repointing with compatible lime mortar
Cracking due to thermal stress
Susceptible to efflorescence
Vulnerable to frost damage in colder climates
Requires breathable lime-based mortars
Protection from water ingress
Requires breathable lime plaster
Requires breathable mortars for repair
Protection from water damage
Requires desalination treatments
Cracking and spalling
Vulnerable to freeze-thaw cycles
Susceptible to salt attack and freeze-thaw damage
Erosion control
Cracking due to freeze-thaw cycles
Efflorescence
Cracking due to moisture
Requires careful repointing with compatible mortar
Requires repointing with lime mortar
Vulnerable to freeze-thaw damage in colder climates
Requires proper drainage to prevent water damage
Avoid cement-based repairs
Susceptible to salt attack and efflorescence.
Requires breathable lime-based mortars for repair.
Prone to cracking due to thermal stress.
Requires breathable lime-based mortars for repointing.
Protect from rising damp.
Requires breathable mortars for repointing.
Protection from rising damp is crucial.
Cracking due to thermal expansion.
Avoid cement-based mortars
Erosion of surface
Kaccha bricks are highly vulnerable to erosion
Vulnerable to freeze-thaw damage
Cracking
Susceptible to efflorescence due to salt content in clay
Requires desalination treatment
Susceptible to salt attack and freeze-thaw damage. Requires breathable lime mortars for repointing. Efflorescence removal is crucial.
Can be damaged by freeze-thaw cycles
Susceptible to salt attack and disintegration
Repointing with compatible lime mortar
Requires breathable lime mortar for repointing
Damage from rising damp
Susceptible to efflorescence due to salt content
Use of sacrificial lime plaster to protect brickwork
Proper firing is essential for durability
Susceptible to salt efflorescence and erosion due to high porosity.
Requires repointing of mortar joints
Requires careful cleaning to avoid abrasion
Brick spalling due to freeze-thaw cycles (if applicable)
Prone to cracking due to freeze-thaw cycles
Spalling due to freeze-thaw cycles
Efflorescence removal with gentle brushing
Prone to cracking in freeze-thaw cycles
Biological growth removal
Requires breathable lime-based repointing
Requires repointing
Efflorescence removal
Susceptible to moisture damage
Salt efflorescence can cause disintegration
Requires breathable mortars for repointing
Requires breathable lime mortar for pointing
Brick consolidation with ethyl silicate
Prone to cracking due to thermal stress
Vulnerable to cracking due to thermal stress
Use of breathable mortars
Efflorescence due to salt migration
Biological growth
Prone to cracking and spalling
Bricks are susceptible to salt efflorescence and erosion due to moisture; requires proper drainage and application of breathable water repellents.
Cracked or damaged bricks should be replaced with compatible bricks using lime mortar.
Requires proper pointing
Susceptible to salt attack and frost damage
Requires breathable mortar for repairs
May exhibit efflorescence
Susceptible to salt efflorescence and frost damage
Requires breathable lime mortars for repairs
Susceptible to salt crystallization and efflorescence
Use of breathable lime-based mortars for repairs
Efflorescence due to soluble salts
Salt crystallization
Requires breathable pointing
Potential for cracking due to freeze-thaw cycles
Cracking due to freeze-thaw cycles.
Vulnerable to frost damage
Vulnerable to erosion from wind and rain
Bricks are susceptible to efflorescence due to salt migration.
Cracking can occur due to thermal stress.
Requires repointing with compatible lime mortar.
Susceptible to salt attack and freeze-thaw damage.
Requires breathable mortars for repairs.
Avoid cement-based pointing; use lime-based mortars.
Efflorescence can be a problem
Susceptible to salt crystallization
Requires careful repointing
Replacement with compatible bricks
Efflorescence can cause surface damage
Spalling
Frost damage
Requires breathable mortar for repointing
May require surface treatment for water repellency
Efflorescence removal is necessary
Frost damage can occur in cold climates
Susceptible to salt attack and frost damage.
Efflorescence is a common problem.
Susceptible to salt crystallization and erosion
Cracking and spalling can occur due to weathering
Susceptible to salt attack and erosion
Needs protection from rising damp

Recommended Sources

Title	Type	Notes
IS 1077: Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks - Specification	Standard	Indian Standard for brick specifications
Archaeological Survey of India Reports	Technical Report	Material analysis of Ahom structures
Ancient Indian Bricks: A Study	Book	Brick types and manufacturing
Ancient Indian Bricks: A Study	Book	Technical analysis of brick composition and properties
ASI Technical Bulletin	Technical Report	Brickwork analysis
Traditional Brick Making in India	Technical Report	Details on clay selection and firing techniques
Traditional Building Materials of India	Book	Brick manufacturing techniques
IS 1077: Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks - Specification	Indian Standard	Brick specifications
Ancient Indian Bricks: A Study	Book	Technical analysis of brick types
Ancient Indian Bricks	Journal Article	Brick manufacturing techniques
Bricks and Brick Structures in Ancient India	Book	Manufacturing and use of bricks
ASI Technical Bulletin	Technical Report	Brick analysis and conservation
Ancient Indian Bricks: A Study of Manufacturing Techniques	Academic Paper	Details on brick manufacturing
Traditional Brick Making in India	Article	Manufacturing techniques
Ancient Indian Bricks	Article	Brick manufacturing techniques
Building Materials in Ancient India	Book	Brick properties and uses
Brick Technology in Ancient India	Book	Manufacturing and use of bricks in Indian architecture
Brick Manufacturing in India	Technical Report	Traditional brick making techniques
Traditional Indian Brick Making	Technical Report	Brick manufacturing techniques
Ancient Indian Bricks: A Study	Book	Technical analysis of brick composition and manufacturing
IS 1077: Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks - Specification	Indian Standard	Brick specifications
Traditional Indian Brick Making Techniques	Journal Article	Details on clay sourcing and firing
Building Materials by S.K. Duggal	Book	Properties and uses of bricks
Traditional Indian Building Materials	Book	Brick manufacturing and properties
Indian Standard Codes for Brick Masonry	Standard	Specifications and testing methods
Traditional Building Materials of India	Book	Brick manufacturing and properties
ASI Technical Bulletin	Technical Report	Material analysis and conservation
Brick and Tile Manufacture	Book	Details on brick manufacturing processes and properties
Building Materials in India	Book	Brick manufacturing and properties
Ancient Indian Bricks: A Study of Manufacturing Techniques	Academic Paper	Details on brick manufacturing.
Traditional Indian Building Materials and Techniques	Book	Brick manufacturing and usage
Brick Manufacturing in India	Technical Report	Analysis of brick properties and manufacturing techniques
Traditional Brick Making in India	Technical Report	Details on brick manufacturing techniques
Ancient India (ASI)	Journal	Archaeological reports
Brick and Tile Industries in India	Report	Manufacturing process and properties
Building Materials and Construction	Textbook	Brick manufacturing and properties
Traditional Brick Manufacturing in India	Technical Report	Brick properties and manufacturing
Bricks and Mortar: A Practical Guide	Book	Technical details on brick production and use
Bureau of Indian Standards Codes	Standard	Brick specifications
BIS Standards for Bricks	Standard	Brick specifications and testing
Traditional Building Materials and Techniques	Book	Brick manufacturing
Ancient Indian Bricks	Book	Details on brick manufacturing techniques
Brick Technology	Book	Brick manufacturing and properties
BIS Standards for Bricks	Standard	Brick specifications
Central Building Research Institute (CBRI) publications	Technical Report	Brick manufacturing and properties
Brick Manufacturing Technology	Technical Manual	Firing process and properties
Traditional Brick Making Techniques	Technical Manual	Firing and composition
Ancient Brick Technology	Archaeological Report	Manufacturing techniques
IS 1077:1992	Standard	Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks - Specification
Traditional Indian Building Materials and Techniques	Book	Brick manufacturing and use
Traditional Building Materials of India	Book	Brick manufacturing and properties
Ancient Indian Brick Technology	Journal Article	Manufacturing and properties
Bricks and Brick Structures	Technical Report	Material properties and conservation
Traditional Brick Making in India	Article	Technical aspects of brick production
National Building Code of India	Standard	Brick specifications
ASI Technical Bulletin	Technical Report	Material analysis
Brick and Tile Industry in India	Industry Report	Brick manufacturing and properties
IS 1077: Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks - Specification	Indian Standard	Brick specifications
Traditional Indian Brick Making	Technical Report	Brick manufacturing techniques
Traditional Building Materials of India	Book	Brick manufacturing and properties
Traditional Building Materials of India	Book	Brick manufacturing and properties
Central Building Research Institute (CBRI) Publications	Technical Report	Brick manufacturing and properties
Traditional Indian Building Materials and Techniques	Book	Brick manufacturing and properties
Traditional Indian Brick Making	Technical Report	Brick manufacturing techniques
Traditional Brick Making in India	Technical Report	Brick manufacturing process
CBRI Reports	Technical Report	Brick manufacturing and properties
Traditional Brick Making in South India	Journal Article	Details on brick composition and firing techniques
ASI Technical Bulletin	Technical Report	Material analysis
Traditional Indian Building Materials and Technologies	Technical Report	Brick manufacturing and properties

Heritage Sites (1)

Site Name	Status	Usage	Confidence
Nataraja Temple Chidambaram	Primary		100%