| Title | ਪੰਜਾਬੀPunjabi (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ)Panjābī Punjabi |
|---|---|
| Description | Punjabi is a major Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 130 million people, primarily in the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. It is unique among major Indo-European languages for being tonal, distinguishing lexical meaning through pitch variations—a feature that often compensates for the loss of murmured consonants. Historically evolved from Shauraseni Prakrit, it boasts a dual literary tradition: written in the Gurmukhi script in India (associated with Sikh scripture) and the Shahmukhi script in Pakistan. It is the language of Sufi poetry, the Guru Granth Sahib, and vibrant folk traditions like Bhangra. |
| Alternate Names & Variants | Native Names: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Indic Names: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ English Names: Punjabi Panjabi Alternate Names: Gurmukhi Shahmukhi Lahnda Majhi |
| Language ID | INHF-LNG-2084624312-17:01:13:07:01:26-PUNJ |
| URI | |
| API URL | https://inheritage.foundation/api/v1/aat/languages/punjabi |
| Language Family | Indo-Aryan(Northwestern Indo-Aryan) |
| Status | Living (Official in India, Provincial in Pakistan) |
| ISO Codes | ISO 639-3: pan |
| Glottolog Code | panj1256 |
| Wikidata URI | |
| Regions | Punjab (India) Punjab (Pakistan) Canada UK USA Australia |
| Time Periods | 11th Century - Present |
| Dynasties | Sikh Empire (1799–1849) Mughal Empire (Regional usage) British Raj |
| Script Associations | Gurmukhi (Sikh/East Punjab) Shahmukhi (Muslim/West Punjab) Devanagari (Syncretic/Historical) |
| Related Languages | Hindi Urdu Sindhi Dogri Western Pahari Saraiki |
| Literary Works | Guru Granth Sahib Heer Ranjha (Waris Shah) Sohni Mahiwal Mirza Sahiban |
| Inscription Types | Gurmukhi manuscripts Sikh coins Hukamnamas |
| Speaker Count | 130,000,000 |
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Subject-Object-Verb (SOV)
Verbs conjugate for person, number, gender, and tense/aspect. Punjabi uses the split-ergative system in the past tense for transitive verbs, where the subject takes the ergative marker 'ne' and the verb agrees with the object.
Nouns declinate for gender (masculine/feminine), number (singular/plural), and case (direct/oblique/vocative/ablative/locative). The oblique case is used before postpositions. Adjectives also decline to match the noun's case.
Native:
ਇਨਹੈਰੀਟੇਜ ਫਾਊਂਡੇਸ਼ਨ ਇੱਕ ਅਜਿਹੀ ਸੰਸਥਾ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਪੁਰਾਤਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਦੀ ਸਾਂਭ-ਸੰਭਾਲ ਲਈ ਬਣਾਈ ਗਈ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਦੁਨੀਆ ਭਰ ਦੇ ਵਿਦਵਾਨਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਮਿਲ ਕੇ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਦੀ ਹੈ। ਸਾਡਾ ਲਕਸ਼ ਹੱਥ-ਲਿਖਤਾਂ ਦਾ ਡਿਜੀਟਾਈਜ਼ੇਸ਼ਨ ਕਰਨਾ ਅਤੇ ਮੌਖਿਕ ਪਰੰਪਰਾਵਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਰਿਕਾਰਡ ਕਰਨਾ ਹੈ, ਤਾਂ ਜੋ ਆਉਣ ਵਾਲੀਆਂ ਪੀੜ੍ਹੀਆਂ ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਸਿੱਖ ਸਕਣ। ਗਿਆਨ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਧਨ ਹੈ। ਆਪਣੇ ਅਤੀਤ ਨੂੰ ਸਮਝ ਕੇ, ਅਸੀਂ ਇੱਕ ਬਿਹਤਰ ਭਵਿੱਖ ਦੀ ਉਸਾਰੀ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਾਂ।
Transliterated:
Inheritage Foundation ikk ajihī sansthā hai jo purātan bhāṣāvā̃ dī sāmbh-sambāl laī baṇāī gaī hai. Ih dunīā bhar de vidvānā̃ nāl mil ke kamm kardī hai. Sāḍā laksh hatth-likhatã dā digiṭizēshan karnā ate maukhik paramparāvā̃ nū̃ record karnā hai, tā̃ jo āuṇ vālīā̃ pīṛhīā̃ is tõ sikh sakaṇ. Giān sabh tõ vaḍḍā dhan hai. Āpṇe atīt nū̃ samajh ke, asī̃ ikk behtar bhavikkh dī usārī karde hā̃.
English:
The Inheritage Foundation is an organization dedicated to the preservation of ancient languages. It works with scholars from all over the world. Our goal is to digitize manuscripts and record oral traditions so that future generations can learn from them. Knowledge is the greatest wealth. By understanding our past, we build a better future.
Grammar Notes:
Usage of oblique plurals (vidvānā̃, pīṛhīā̃). Passive construction 'baṇāī gaī hai'. Compound verbs and infinitive purpose clauses.