Multan Sun Temple (Ruins)

The ancient Sun Temple of Multan, located in the city of Multan in Punjab, Pakistan, was historically one of the most renowned and wealthiest temples dedicated to Surya (the Sun God) on the Indian subcontinent. Its origins are believed to be very ancient, possibly linked to pre-Vedic or Indo-Iranian solar worship traditions prevalent in the region. Its fame spread far and wide, documented vividly by early travelers and historians. The Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Hiuen Tsang (Xuanzang), who visited Multan in the 7th century CE, described a magnificent temple housing a large idol of the Sun God made of pure gold, adorned with precious gems. He noted its immense wealth, derived from offerings by numerous pilgrims from various kingdoms, and the presence of devadasis (temple dancers). The temple functioned not only as a major religious center but also as a significant economic hub for Multan. Its history, however, is marked by repeated destruction and desecration. It was likely damaged during the initial Arab conquest of Sindh and Multan by Muhammad bin Qasim in the early 8th century CE, although some accounts suggest he spared the main idol initially, possibly using its pilgrim revenue for the state treasury. Later accounts, including those by 10th-century Arab geographers like Al-Masudi and Istakhri, confirm its continued existence, though perhaps diminished. The 11th-century scholar Al-Biruni also noted its presence. It likely suffered further damage during Mahmud of Ghazni's campaigns and subsequent invasions. The final destruction is generally attributed to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in the late 17th century, as part of his policy against prominent non-Islamic shrines. Today, no significant structural ruins of the original grand Sun Temple remain. Its exact location is debated, often associated with the area near the prominent tomb of the Sufi saint Bahauddin Zakariya or other mounds within the old city. The history of the Multan Sun Temple survives primarily through these historical texts, painting a picture of its past glory, immense significance, and eventual obliteration.