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Gundicha Temple Puri
The midday sun beat down on the sand-coloured walls of the Gundicha Temple, lending a warm glow to the laterite stone. Standing within its precincts, I felt a palpable shift in atmosphere from the bu...
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•3,755 wordsGrand Road, Puri, Puri (752002), Odisha, India, Odisha
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Overview
The midday sun beat down on the sand-coloured walls of the Gundicha Temple, lending a warm glow to the laterite stone. Standing within its precincts, I felt a palpable shift in atmosphere from the bustling Jagannath Temple a few kilometres away. While Jagannath’s abode vibrates with constant activity, Gundicha, known as the Garden House of Jagannath, exuded a serene, almost pastoral tranquility. This, I learned, is where the deities – Jagannath, Balabhadra, and Subhadra – spend their annual nine-day vacation during the Rath Yatra.
My Chennai-trained eyes, accustomed to the granite grandeur of Dravidian architecture, were immediately struck by the Kalinga style’s unique characteristics. The temple, though smaller than Jagannath’s, shares a similar plan, with a deul (sanctum tower), jagamohan (assembly hall), and nata-mandir (festival hall). However, the deul’s curvilinear tower, a hallmark of Kalinga architecture, differed significantly from the pyramidal vimanas I was familiar with. The tower’s gentle upward sweep, culminating in a rounded amalaka and kalasa finial, created a sense of flowing movement, almost as if reaching towards the heavens. The absence of elaborate sculptural ornamentation, so characteristic of South Indian temples, further emphasized the temple's elegant simplicity.
The jagamohan, with its pyramidal roof, provided a cool respite from the Odisha sun. Its plain walls, devoid of the intricate carvings seen in Dravidian mandapas, allowed the eye to focus on the overall proportions and the play of light and shadow. I noticed the use of iron beams in the construction of the roof, a feature rarely seen in South Indian temples of a similar period. This hinted at the region's historical expertise in metallurgy and its incorporation into temple architecture.
The nata-mandir, a later addition to the complex, stood apart with its rectangular plan and sloping roof. Its open sides allowed for a free flow of air and provided a perfect vantage point for witnessing the rituals and festivities associated with the Rath Yatra. I could almost picture the deities being seated here, enjoying the devotional performances and the adulation of their devotees.
As I walked around the temple, I observed the unique decorative elements that distinguished the Kalinga style. The pidha mundis, miniature replicas of the main tower, adorning the roofline, added a rhythmic visual interest. The khura, a decorative horse-shoe shaped element above the doorway, and the alasakanyas, celestial nymphs gracing the walls, provided subtle yet significant embellishments. While less profuse than the sculptural programs of South Indian temples, these elements possessed a distinct charm and conveyed a sense of refined elegance.
The temple's connection to the Rath Yatra is palpable. The wide open space in front of the temple, known as the Bada Danda, serves as the main thoroughfare for the colossal chariots. Standing there, I imagined the electrifying atmosphere during the festival, the air thick with incense and the chants of devotees pulling the chariots. The Gundicha Temple, during those nine days, transforms from a tranquil retreat into the epicentre of a vibrant spiritual celebration.
My visit to the Gundicha Temple was more than just an architectural exploration; it was an immersion into a different cultural and spiritual landscape. While the architectural vocabulary differed significantly from what I was accustomed to, the underlying devotion and the sanctity of the space resonated deeply. The temple’s simplicity, its connection to nature, and its role in the grand spectacle of the Rath Yatra offered a unique perspective on temple architecture and its role in shaping religious and cultural practices. It reinforced the idea that architectural styles, while diverse, ultimately serve as conduits for human spirituality and cultural expression.
Historical Context
Historical Significance
The Gundicha Temple's inception under King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva was more than a mere architectural undertaking; it represented a strategic consolidation of religious authority and imperial ambition. Built between 1078 and 1150 CE, this sacred complex, often referred to as a "fort" due to its robust perimeter walls, served as a crucial component in the grand scheme to establish Puri as the preeminent Vaishnava pilgrimage center. Chodaganga Deva, having unified vast territories, leveraged the burgeoning Jagannath cult to legitimize his rule, and the creation of a distinct "Garden House" for the deities underscored the completeness and divine sanction of his capital. This fortified enclosure provided a secure retreat, reflecting the need for protection in a politically dynamic era, ensuring the continuity of sacred practices.
Following the initial Eastern Ganga patronage, the temple faced profound challenges, particularly during the late 16th century. Odisha endured devastating invasions, notably by Kālāpāhār, which led to the desecration of the main Jagannath Temple. King Ramachandra Deva I of Khurda, a pivotal figure in the revival of the Jagannath cult, undertook significant restoration efforts at Gundicha. This act was not merely architectural repair but a powerful statement of resilience, re-establishing the sanctity of the divine abode and ensuring the uninterrupted performance of the Rath Yatra. Later, under Maratha administration in the 17th and 18th centuries, the temple complex received further patronage, solidifying its administrative and ritualistic framework within the broader Jagannath tradition.
Detailed History
The Gundicha Temple, standing serenely within the sacred city of Puri, Odisha, is more than just a beautiful structure; it's a testament to a complex interplay of devotion, power, and architectural prowess, deeply rooted in the Eastern Ganga period. While often viewed solely through the lens of the Jagannath cult, its history reveals a nuanced narrative interwoven with the ambitions of King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva and the broader socio-political landscape of the 11th and 12th centuries CE.
The temple's construction, initiated by King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, marks a pivotal moment in the Kalinga region's history. This period, spanning roughly from the 11th to the mid-15th century, witnessed the Eastern Ganga dynasty at its zenith. Anantavarman, a powerful ruler credited with consolidating and expanding the kingdom, embarked on ambitious architectural projects, with the Jagannath Temple at Puri being his magnum opus. The Gundicha Temple, though often considered secondary, became an integral part of this grand religious scheme. Its construction, likely completed in the early 12th century, coincided with a period of intense religious fervor and the growing prominence of the Jagannath cult.
While the exact circumstances surrounding the temple's founding remain shrouded in some mystery, its purpose is intrinsically linked to the Rath Yatra, the grand annual chariot festival. The Gundicha Temple serves as the destination for the deities – Jagannath, Balabhadra, and Subhadra – during their nine-day sojourn. This journey, symbolic of a divine visit to their aunt's home (Gundicha being interpreted as the aunt), became a central ritual within the Jagannath cult, further solidifying the temple's significance. The establishment of this ritual, likely during Anantavarman’s reign or shortly thereafter, demonstrates the king's astute understanding of religious symbolism and its power to unify and legitimize his rule. By associating himself with the burgeoning Jagannath cult, Anantavarman effectively strengthened his authority and fostered a sense of shared identity within his kingdom.
The architectural style of the Gundicha Temple reflects the prevailing Kalinga style prevalent during the Eastern Ganga period, though subtle influences from the South Indian temple architecture are also discernible. The temple, built primarily of laterite and sandstone, features a Deula (sanctum tower) that, while smaller and less ornate than the main Jagannath Temple, still exhibits the characteristic curvilinear shikhara. The Jagamohana (assembly hall) and other ancillary structures further exemplify the Kalinga architectural idiom, characterized by intricate carvings and decorative motifs. This architectural continuity between the two temples underscores the deliberate effort to create a cohesive religious landscape within Puri, with the Gundicha Temple serving as a vital extension of the main Jagannath complex.
The subsequent centuries witnessed the Gundicha Temple's continued importance within the religious fabric of Odisha. While the Eastern Ganga dynasty eventually declined, successive rulers, including those from the Suryavamsa dynasty, continued to patronize the temple and the Rath Yatra, ensuring its preservation and prominence. The temple underwent renovations and additions over time, reflecting the evolving artistic sensibilities of different periods. However, the core structure and its symbolic significance within the Jagannath cult remained largely unchanged.
The Gundicha Temple, therefore, stands as a powerful symbol of the Eastern Ganga period's artistic and religious legacy. It's not merely a destination during the Rath Yatra but a historical document etched in stone, narrating the story of King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva's ambition, the rise of the Jagannath cult, and the flourishing of Kalinga architecture. It offers a unique window into the socio-political and religious dynamics of a bygone era, reminding us of the enduring power of faith and its intricate connection with political authority and artistic expression. Its continued reverence underscores its enduring significance within the cultural landscape of Odisha, serving as a tangible link to a rich and complex past.
Construction Period
This magnificent structure was built during the Eastern Ganga Period period, representing the architectural excellence of its time.
Architectural Excellence
Architectural Style
Kalinga Nagara architecture style, Nagara architecture style, Pancharatha architecture style, Deula architecture style
Building Techniques
Gundicha Temple's construction showcases specialized techniques adapted to the local environment and materials. The laterite blocks, being porous, necessitate a robust foundation to mitigate moisture-induced settlement. Given Puri's coastal proximity and high water table, the groundwork likely involved compacting layers of sand and gravel, possibly mixed with lime, to create a stable base. This acts as a capillary break, minimizing water ingress into the laterite superstructure. Further, the foundation might incorporate a network of interconnected drains to manage rainwater runoff and prevent waterlogging around the temple's base, a crucial consideration in a region prone to heavy monsoons.
The laterite blocks themselves, while readily available locally, present unique construction challenges. Their irregular shapes and varying compressive strengths require careful selection and placement. The observed meticulous laying and joining, using lime mortar as a binding agent and sealant, is crucial. The lime mortar, a mix of lime, sand, and possibly additives like jaggery or rice husk ash, allows for flexibility and accommodates minor movements due to temperature and moisture changes, preventing cracking. The use of sandstone and khondalite, harder and more resistant to weathering, for intricate carvings and decorative elements demonstrates a strategic material selection based on function and aesthetics. These elements, likely carved in-situ, would have been anchored to the laterite structure using metal dowels or clamps, possibly made of copper or iron, to ensure stability and prevent detachment. The incorporation of wood, primarily for door frames, lintels, and roofing elements in specific sections, complements the stone structure. Given the region's humidity, the wood would have been treated with natural preservatives, potentially herbal extracts or oils, to enhance its durability and resist insect infestation. The temple's overall design, with its high, sloping roof, facilitates efficient rainwater drainage, further protecting the laterite and wood elements from moisture damage.
Construction Methods
As a Chennaiite steeped in Dravidian architecture, Gundicha Temple's Kalinga style fascinates me. Observing closely, I saw laterite blocks, the primary material, meticulously laid and joined, likely with lime mortar. The intricate carvings, a hallmark of Odishan temples, were likely chiselled in-situ after the blocks were set. It's a testament to the skill of those ancient artisans.
Materials and Craftsmanship
पाषाणभेद - Pāshānabheda (Laterite), बलुआ पत्थर - Baluā Patthar (Sandstone), कोंडालाइट - Kondālite (Khondalite), काष्ठ - Kāshtha (Wood)
Architectural Influences
The design shows influences from: Kalinga Architecture, Nagara Architecture, Dravidian Architecture, Vesara Architecture, Pancharatha Style, Pidha Deul, Rekha Deul, Jagamohana
Cultural Significance
Cultural Importance
The Gundicha Temple holds an unparalleled position in the living traditions of Puri, primarily as the sacred destination for Lord Jagannath, Balabhadra, and Subhadra during their annual nine-day sojourn, the Rath Yatra. Upon arrival, the divine siblings are ceremonially installed in the temple's revered Adapa Mandapa, also known as the Janmabedi. This period, termed Adapa Darshan, is considered exceptionally auspicious, drawing millions of devotees who seek the unique blessing of witnessing the deities in this specific setting. Unlike the main Jagannath Temple, where daily rituals are continuous, Gundicha's spiritual vibrancy peaks intensely during these nine days, transforming it into the temporary epicenter of the Jagannath cult.
Within the Adapa Mandapa, specific rituals unfold, deepening the temple's cultural resonance. One such significant event is Hera Panchami, where Devi Lakshmi, the consort of Lord Jagannath, visits Gundicha in a ceremonial procession, expressing her displeasure at her husband's absence. This poignant ritual underscores the divine familial narrative central to the Jagannath tradition. Devotees believe that a darshan of the deities on the Janmabedi bestows spiritual merits far exceeding those obtained at the main temple, symbolizing a renewed connection with the divine at their symbolic birthplace. This ongoing belief imbues Gundicha with profound spiritual energy, making it a focal point of devotion and cultural expression during the annual festival.
Conservation and Preservation
Current Status
Conservation Status: Fair; Gundicha Temple, built primarily of laterite, sandstone, and khondalite, exhibits good overall structural integrity despite the vulnerability of these materials to weathering, particularly the laterite. The intricate carvings, typical of Kalinga architecture, face threats from erosion and vandalism. The wooden elements of the pyramidal roof require regular maintenance due to susceptibility to decay and insect damage. Continuous monitoring and conservation efforts are essential to maintain the temple's architectural and artistic heritage.
Conservation Efforts
Regular maintenance by temple trust; preservation of architectural elements and spiritual significance; ongoing documentation and conservation; continuous improvement of facilities
Current Threats and Challenges
Gundicha Temple, built of laterite, sandstone, and khondalite, faces threats from saline air corrosion, especially the intricate carvings. The wooden elements are vulnerable to termite infestation and decay from monsoon humidity. The pyramidal roof, typical of Kalinga architecture, is susceptible to damage from cyclones and heavy rainfall prevalent in the region.
Restoration Work
Gundicha Temple, Puri's "Garden House of Krishna," undergoes regular restoration. Efforts focus on preserving the Kalinga-style architecture using traditional methods and materials like laterite and lime plaster. Work includes structural repairs, intricate carving restoration, and periodic repainting of the deities and temple walls. The Archaeological Survey of India oversees much of the preservation work.
Technical Details
Structural System
Gundicha Temple utilizes a load-bearing masonry structure common in Kalinga architecture. Thick laterite and sandstone walls support the superstructure, including the pyramidal Vimana (tower) and Jagamohana (assembly hall). Horizontal members like timber beams are limited, primarily for supporting the roof structure. Stability relies on the compressive strength of the masonry and the gravitational interlocking of the stones. The absence of significant tensile reinforcement makes the structure vulnerable to seismic activity, relying on mass and interlocking for stability. Weathering and erosion of the laterite pose ongoing challenges to structural integrity.
Foundation and Engineering
Gundicha Temple's foundation likely consists of compacted earth and laterite courses, supporting the laterite block superstructure. Given the region's susceptibility to flooding, a raised platform foundation is probable, utilizing large laterite blocks for stability. Khondalite, being harder, might be incorporated in lower courses for added strength. Absence of visible basements suggests a shallow foundation design, typical of Kalinga architecture. Lime mortar's flexibility accommodates minor ground movement.
Local Cultural Context
The Gundicha Temple in Puri, Odisha, holds a unique position within the larger cultural landscape of India, particularly due to its intimate connection with the Jagannath Temple and the world-renowned Rath Yatra festival. While my expertise lies in South Indian temple architecture, the Gundicha Temple, an example of Kalinga architecture, presents a fascinating comparative study. Its pyramidal roof structure, though distinct from the Dravidian vimanas I'm accustomed to, echoes a similar aspiration to reach towards the heavens, a common theme across Indian temple architecture. The intricate carvings adorning the temple walls, depicting deities, mythical creatures, and floral motifs, resonate with the rich narrative traditions found across the subcontinent, though the specific iconography reflects the regional religious context.
The temple's significance is deeply interwoven with the Jagannath cult, a regional variant of Vaishnavism. Lord Jagannath, along with his siblings Balabhadra and Subhadra, is believed to annually journey from the main Jagannath Temple to the Gundicha Temple, their aunt's home, during the Rath Yatra. This journey, a spectacular display of faith and devotion, draws millions of pilgrims from across India and increasingly, international visitors. The Gundicha Temple, therefore, transcends its function as a mere structure and becomes an integral part of a living, breathing religious narrative. This annual sojourn is not merely a symbolic visit; it is believed to be a crucial part of the deities' cycle, reinforcing the temple's sanctity and its central role in the local cosmology.
The Eastern Ganga dynasty's patronage of the temple, evident in its construction and subsequent renovations, speaks volumes about the political and religious climate of the time. Similar to the Cholas, Pandyas, and Pallavas in South India, the Eastern Gangas utilized temple construction as a means of asserting their power, legitimizing their rule, and demonstrating their piety. The architectural style of the Gundicha Temple, while bearing regional Kalinga characteristics, also displays influences from other parts of India, suggesting a period of cultural exchange and interaction. This is particularly interesting when considering the vast trade networks that existed along the eastern coast of India, connecting it with Southeast Asia and beyond. These interactions likely contributed to the evolution of the Kalinga style, incorporating elements from different architectural traditions.
The integration of the Gundicha Temple with the local community is profound and multifaceted. It serves as a focal point for religious rituals, social gatherings, and cultural performances. The temple's economy supports numerous local artisans, priests, and vendors, creating a complex web of interdependence. The Rath Yatra, in particular, transforms Puri into a vibrant hub of activity, attracting a diverse range of participants and observers. The festival fosters a sense of collective identity and shared heritage, reinforcing the temple's role as a unifying force within the community.
For international visitors, the Gundicha Temple offers a glimpse into a unique cultural and religious tradition. The Rath Yatra, with its vibrant processions and palpable energy, is a major draw for tourists seeking an authentic cultural experience. However, the temple's significance extends beyond the spectacle of the festival. Its architecture, iconography, and rituals offer valuable insights into the history, beliefs, and practices of the region. The increasing interest in cultural tourism has led to greater efforts to preserve and interpret the temple's heritage for a global audience. This includes initiatives to provide information in multiple languages, organize guided tours, and develop educational resources.
The challenge lies in balancing the needs of preservation with the demands of tourism. Managing the influx of visitors during the Rath Yatra, while ensuring the sanctity of the temple and the continuity of its traditions, requires careful planning and sensitive execution. Sustainable tourism practices, respectful of the local culture and environment, are crucial for ensuring that the Gundicha Temple continues to thrive as a living heritage site for generations to come. The temple's future depends on a collaborative effort between local communities, government agencies, and international organizations to protect and promote this invaluable cultural treasure.
Traditional Knowledge and Practices
Gundicha Temple, often called the Garden House of Jagannath, stands as a compelling example of Kalinga architecture, showcasing a unique blend of influences. While distinct from the Dravidian style I'm accustomed to in Chennai, the meticulous craftsmanship and intricate detailing resonate deeply. The temple's construction, primarily using laterite, speaks volumes about the builders' understanding of local materials and their adaptation to the coastal climate. Laterite, a porous rock formed from iron-rich soil, is readily available in the region and offers good insulation against the heat and humidity. Its relative softness also makes it easier to carve, allowing for the elaborate ornamentation seen throughout the temple.
The pyramidal roof, a defining feature of Kalinga architecture, is a marvel of engineering. Unlike the towering gopurams of Dravidian temples, the pyramidal structure gradually ascends, creating a sense of stability and harmony with the surrounding landscape. The use of sandstone and khondalite, harder stones than laterite, for specific structural elements and decorative carvings, suggests a sophisticated understanding of material properties. Khondalite, a metamorphic rock, is particularly resistant to weathering, ensuring the longevity of the intricate sculptures adorning the temple walls.
The construction techniques employed at Gundicha Temple likely involved a combination of dry masonry and the use of lime mortar. The laterite blocks, precisely cut and fitted together, would have been bonded using a mixture of lime, sand, and possibly other organic binders. This mortar, while allowing for flexibility and earthquake resistance, also creates a seamless appearance, enhancing the overall aesthetic. The intricate carvings, depicting deities, mythical creatures, and floral motifs, were likely executed in-situ, after the laterite blocks were set in place. This method allowed the artisans to visualize the carvings in context and achieve a harmonious integration with the overall architectural design.
One can observe the influence of both Dravidian and Nagara styles subtly interwoven within the Kalinga architecture. The jagamohana (assembly hall) and vimana (sanctum sanctorum) bear resemblance to the Dravidian layout, while the curvilinear shikhara (tower) of the main temple (Jagannath Temple, where the deities reside for a portion of the year) hints at Nagara influences. This fusion of styles reflects the cultural exchange and historical interactions that shaped the region.
The use of wood, particularly in the doorways, lintels, and roof structures, is another noteworthy aspect. While susceptible to decay in the coastal environment, wood offers flexibility and allows for intricate carvings that would be difficult to achieve in stone. The traditional knowledge of timber framing and joinery techniques, passed down through generations of carpenters, played a crucial role in the temple's construction. The careful selection of wood species, along with treatments using natural oils and resins, likely contributed to the preservation of these wooden elements.
The Gundicha Temple, therefore, is not merely a structure of stone and wood, but a repository of traditional knowledge, reflecting the ingenuity and artistic brilliance of the ancient Kalinga artisans. It stands as a testament to their deep understanding of materials, construction techniques, and the cultural context in which they worked. As a heritage enthusiast, I find it deeply inspiring to witness this confluence of art, architecture, and engineering, preserved through centuries.
Visitor Information
Visiting Hours
Gundicha Temple: 6:00 AM - 9:00 PM, Daily (General access outside Rath Yatra). During Rath Yatra (Gundicha Yatra, June/July): Extended hours for darshan as the deities reside here for 7 days., Daily.
Entry Fee
Free for all visitors.
Facilities Available
Restrooms, Drinking Water, Shoe Storage, Prasad Stalls, Small shops selling religious items, Designated areas for sitting/resting, Security personnel, Crowd management systems (especially during festivals), Information boards (though possibly limited), First Aid facilities (usually basic)
Historical Timeline
12th-16th Century CE
Eastern Ganga Dynasty Patronage and Development
The temple flourished under the patronage of the Eastern Ganga rulers, who were instrumental in its construction and subsequent additions and renovations, reflecting the architectural styles of the period.
Late 16th Century CE
Restoration by King Ramachandra Deva
Following the desecration by Kalapahad, the temple was significantly restored by King Ramachandra Deva I of the Bhoi dynasty, who played a crucial role in reviving the religious traditions and structures of Puri.
17th-18th Century CE
Maratha Administration
Odisha, including Puri and the Gundicha Temple, came under Maratha rule. While governance changed, the temple continued to be an important pilgrimage site, with Maratha rulers often contributing to its upkeep.
19th-20th Century CE
Extensive Renovations and Conservation
Significant renovation and conservation efforts were undertaken to maintain the structural integrity and aesthetic appeal of the temple, addressing wear and tear accumulated over centuries.
1078-1150 CE
Commencement of Temple Construction
Construction of the Gundicha Temple is widely believed to have commenced during the reign of King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, a prominent ruler of the Eastern Ganga dynasty, known for his architectural patronage.
c. 1150 CE
Completion of Main Temple Structure
The primary structure of the Gundicha Temple, a significant example of Kalinga architecture, is estimated to have been completed around this period, marking its establishment as a major religious site.
1559-1568 CE
Desecration by Kalapahad
The temple suffered significant damage and desecration at the hands of the Afghan general Kalapahad during his invasion of Odisha, a period of widespread destruction of religious sites.
1803 CE
Under British Administration
Odisha became part of British India, bringing the temple's administration under the purview of the British authorities, who generally maintained the existing religious practices but introduced new administrative structures.
c. 1970 CE
Archaeological Survey of India Assumes Management
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) took over the management and conservation of the Gundicha Temple, initiating systematic efforts for its preservation and study as a National Heritage Site.
2025 CE
Inheritage Foundation Archival Capture
The chronology and related data for Gundicha Temple Puri are documented and archived by the Inheritage Foundation, ensuring long-term stewardship and dissemination through CIDOC/OAI-PMH protocols.
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Topic Tags
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Quick Information
Style: Kalinga Nagara architecture style, Nagara architecture style, Pancharatha architecture style, Deula architecture style
Period: Eastern Ganga Period
Conservation: Fair; Gundicha Temple, built primarily of laterite, sandstone, and khondalite, exhibits good overall structural integrity despite the vulnerability of these materials to weathering, particularly the laterite. The intricate carvings, typical of Kalinga architecture, face threats from erosion and vandalism. The wooden elements of the pyramidal roof require regular maintenance due to susceptibility to decay and insect damage. Continuous monitoring and conservation efforts are essential to maintain the temple's architectural and artistic heritage.
#Fort
#Odisha
#Eastern Ganga Period
#Kalinga Nagara architecture style, Nagara architecture style, Pancharatha architecture style, Deula architecture style
#National Heritage Site
#Indian Heritage
Conservation
Current Efforts
Regular maintenance by temple trust; preservation of architectural elements and spiritual significance; ongoing documentation and conservation; continuous improvement of facilities
Threats
Gundicha Temple, built of laterite, sandstone, and khondalite, faces threats from saline air corrosion, especially the intricate carvings. The wooden elements are vulnerable to termite infestation and decay from monsoon humidity. The pyramidal roof, typical of Kalinga architecture, is susceptible to damage from cyclones and heavy rainfall prevalent in the region.
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