Eklingji Temple, Kailashpuri (Udaipur)

The foundational act by Bappa Rawal in 734 CE transcended mere temple construction, establishing a unique political theology for the Guhilot dynasty. By declaring himself the Dewan (regent) of Lord Eklingji, the Mewar rulers formally acknowledged Shiva as the true sovereign, thereby legitimizing their temporal authority as divine agents. This profound conceptualization of kingship, where the ruler served the deity, became a defining characteristic of Mewar's governance and identity. The original shrine, likely modest, gradually evolved, with significant architectural enhancements during the Gurjara-Pratihara period in the 10th century. This era witnessed the integration of sophisticated Maru-Gurjara architectural elements, transforming the nascent sanctuary into a more elaborate complex, reflecting the region's burgeoning artistic and religious patronage.

Following the devastations inflicted during the Delhi Sultanate invasions in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, particularly under rulers like Alauddin Khalji, the temple underwent extensive rebuilding. Maharana Raimal (r. 1473-1509 CE) is notably credited with a major restoration, significantly enhancing the main temple's mandapas and garbhagriha, and possibly installing the iconic Chaturmukhi Lingam. This period of reconstruction not only revived the physical structure but also reaffirmed the Mewar dynasty's unwavering devotion and commitment to their tutelary deity. Within the complex, the ancient Lakulish Temple stands as a testament to the historical prevalence of Pasupata Shaivism, an early and influential Shaivite sect, indicating the site's deep roots in diverse Shaivite traditions.

The Eklingji Temple, located in Kailashpuri, Udaipur, traces its ancient Indian origins to the 8th century CE, establishing its place within India's millennia-spanning cultural heritage as a continuous center of Shaivite worship . The original temple was constructed around 734 CE by Bappa Rawal, the legendary founder of the Guhilot dynasty of Mewar, who established the tradition of ruling as the Dewan (Minister) of Lord Eklingji, the tutelary deity of the Mewar princely state [10]. This foundational act cemented the temple's role as a symbol of the political and spiritual authority of the Mewar kings, a legacy that endured until 1947 [10]. The historical narrative of Eklingji is extensively documented in the 15th-century Sanskrit text, Ekalinga Mahatmya, which recounts Bappa Rawal's spiritual initiation by the saint Harit Rashi and his subsequent establishment of the temple . Throughout its long history, the temple complex has undergone numerous reconstructions and modifications due to invasions and periods of destruction . The original temple and its idol were damaged during invasions by the Delhi Sultanate rulers . In the 14th century, Hamir Singh installed the earliest extant idol and undertook extensive renovations to the main temple . A significant phase of rebuilding occurred under Rana Kumbha (r. 1433–1468) in the 15th century, who not only renovated the main temple but also added a Vishnu temple within the complex . An inscription from 1460 CE describes Rana Kumbha as "the personal servant of Ekling," highlighting the deep devotion of the Mewar rulers to the deity . Later in the 15th century, the temple suffered another attack by Ghiyath Shah of the Malwa Sultanate . Rana Raimal (r. 1473–1509), son of Rana Kumbha, defeated and captured Shah, using the ransom obtained for his release to fund the final major rebuilding of the temple complex and install the present four-faced black marble idol of Eklingji . This idol replaced an earlier lingakar (capsule-shaped Shivlinga) during Raimal's reign . Archaeological findings and epigraphic evidence, such as the Eklinga inscription of 971 CE, confirm the site's strong connection to the Pashupata sect, an ancient Shaivite ascetic tradition, indicating its prominence as a spiritual hub long before its royal association [9]. The temple was initially associated with the Pashupata sect, then the Nath sect, and by the 16th century, it came under the control of the Ramanandis . The patronage of various ruling dynasties, including the Guhilas, Chahamanas, and Pratiharas, strengthened Shaivism in the region, with inscriptions at Harsa, Eklinga, and Kaman proving the popularity of the Pashupata sect [9]. Conservation efforts have been continuous, with the Mewar royal family, through the Eklingji Trust, actively involved in the restoration and preservation of the temples and traditional religious ceremonies, a practice documented in historical records like a letter from Maharana Bheem Singh (1778-1829 CE) detailing allocations for worship and construction [9]. The temple's enduring legacy is further reflected in court paintings from Udaipur, which depict Maharanas performing rituals and processions to Eklingji, underscoring its central role in the cultural and spiritual life of Mewar across centuries [9].

This magnificent structure was built during the Gurjara-Pratihara Period period, representing the architectural excellence of its time.

Maru-Gurjara architecture style, Nagara architecture style, Kalinga architecture style, Rajasthani Temple architecture style

Eklingji showcases sophisticated Maru-Gurjara building techniques, notably the extensive use of corbelling for spanning openings and creating the distinctive shikhara. This method, where successive courses of stone project beyond the one below, allowed for large, open mandapa spaces without true arches. Intricate carving, a hallmark of the period, transformed structural elements into narrative and decorative surfaces. The strategic selection of materials—durable black stone for deities, white marble for luminosity, and sandstone for structural mass—demonstrates a deep understanding of material properties and aesthetic intent, defining its unique architectural character.

The construction of Eklingji Temple involved meticulous quarrying and dressing of local marble, sandstone, and granite. Artisans employed traditional methods for stone extraction and shaping, likely using iron tools and abrasives. Large blocks were transported and lifted into position using ramps, levers, and human power, a common practice for monumental structures of the Gurjara-Pratihara period. Dry masonry techniques, relying on the precise fit of stones, were fundamental, with minimal use of mortar. Carving, both pre-fabrication and in-situ, adorned the structural elements, reflecting a sequential process from foundational laying to intricate sculptural detailing.

संगमरमर - Sangamarmar (Marble), बलुआ पत्थर - Baluā Patthar (Sandstone), काला पत्थर - Kālā Patthar (Black Stone), ग्रेनाइट - Grēnāiṭ (Granite)

The design shows influences from: Nagara Architecture, Kalinga Architecture, Maru-Gurjara Architecture, Surya (Sun God) Temple Architecture, Rajasthani Temple Style, Paramara Dynasty Style, Gujara-Pratihara Traditions

Conservation Status: Fair; Eklingji, while actively used as a place of worship and thus maintained, faces challenges inherent in its mixed material construction. Marble and sandstone are particularly susceptible to weathering and pollution. The intricate carvings of the Kalinga style architecture and pyramidal superstructure require ongoing, specialized conservation efforts to prevent deterioration and loss of detail. Regular maintenance likely mitigates some risks.

Continuous upkeep and periodic renovations across the numerous shrines within the complex managed by the trust.

Eklingji Temple, built from porous marble and sandstone, faces threats from acid rain and weathering. The intricate Kalinga architecture and pyramidal superstructure are vulnerable to seismic activity and vibrations from increasing tourist traffic. Granite and black stone elements, while durable, are susceptible to vandalism and theft.

Eklingji Temple, a complex of 108 temples, has undergone several restorations throughout its history. Early rulers, particularly the Mewar dynasty, repeatedly rebuilt and expanded the complex after periods of destruction. Modern restoration focuses on conservation, including structural repairs, cleaning of sculptures, and strengthening against weathering. Precise details of specific interventions are not readily accessible publicly.

The temple's structural integrity relies on a robust post-and-lintel system, characteristic of ancient Indian temple architecture. Massive stone columns and beams bear the compressive loads, transferring them efficiently to the thick masonry walls. The pyramidal shikhara, constructed through corbelling, distributes its immense weight downwards, ensuring stability. This system inherently resists lateral forces through sheer mass and interlocking stone elements, creating a highly stable and durable structure. The absence of complex tensile elements highlights a mastery of compressive strength in stone engineering.

The foundation of Eklingji Temple was engineered for longevity, typical of Gurjara-Pratihara period construction. It likely involved deep excavations to reach stable bedrock or compact subsoil, establishing a solid base for the immense stone superstructure. A robust plinth, or jagati, constructed from large, unmortared stone blocks, forms the visible base, distributing the temple's substantial weight evenly. This plinth often incorporated a rubble trench filled with compacted earth and stone, providing drainage and preventing differential settlement. The use of durable local stone, possibly granite in lower courses, ensured resistance to moisture and ground movement.

The Eklingji Temple, nestled in the Aravalli hills near Udaipur, isn't just a temple; it's a living testament to the architectural prowess and spiritual beliefs of the Mewar dynasty. Its construction, primarily using sandstone and marble, reveals a deep understanding of material properties and construction techniques prevalent during its initial construction in the 8th century and subsequent renovations. The choice of sandstone, abundant in the region, was practical, but its malleability allowed for the intricate carvings that adorn every inch of the temple. The use of marble, particularly for the main deity, Eklingji (a four-faced Shiva lingam), signifies purity and reverence. The darker black stone and granite are strategically used for structural elements, providing a stark contrast to the lighter sandstone and marble.

The temple's architecture is a fascinating blend of styles, predominantly Kalinga architecture with influences of Maru-Gurjara architecture, reflecting the historical interactions and cultural exchanges of the region. The towering pyramidal shikhara, a characteristic feature of Maru-Gurjara architecture, is a marvel of stone stacking. Notice how the shikhara gradually tapers towards the sky, showcasing the precise cutting and fitting of sandstone blocks without any binding material, a technique requiring immense skill and precision. This dry masonry technique, combined with the inherent strength of sandstone, has allowed the structure to withstand centuries of weathering and earthquakes.

The layout of the temple complex, enclosed within high walls, follows the traditional Hindu temple architecture principles of Vastu Shastra. The main shrine, housing Eklingji, is surrounded by smaller shrines dedicated to various deities, creating a sacred cosmos within the complex. The mandap, or pillared hall, leading to the sanctum sanctorum, is supported by intricately carved pillars depicting scenes from Hindu mythology and showcasing the mastery of the sculptors. Observe the detailed carvings on the pillars and ceilings – they narrate stories, depict celestial beings, and symbolize various aspects of Hindu cosmology. These carvings aren't mere decorations; they are a visual representation of the spiritual beliefs and cultural narratives of the time.

The use of Kalinga architectural elements, particularly in the shikhara's design, suggests a connection with the Odisha school of temple architecture. This cross-cultural influence is a testament to the movement of artisans and the exchange of architectural knowledge across different regions of India. The multi-storied shikhara, adorned with miniature shrines and sculptures, is a hallmark of Kalinga architecture and adds to the grandeur of Eklingji.

Beyond the architectural marvel, Eklingji holds immense cultural significance for the people of Mewar. The deity, Eklingji, was considered the ruling deity of the Mewar kingdom, and the Maharana (ruler) served as the "Dewan," or prime minister, of Eklingji. This unique tradition highlights the deep-rooted connection between religion and royalty in Mewar. The temple's history is intertwined with the history of the Mewar dynasty, and visiting Eklingji is like stepping back in time, experiencing the grandeur and spiritual fervor of a bygone era. The annual Rath Yatra festival, where the deity is taken out in a grand procession, is a vibrant display of this enduring faith and tradition.

Temple: 6:00 AM - 1:00 PM & 4:00 PM - 8:00 PM, Daily.

Free for all visitors.

Parking, Restrooms, Drinking Water, Food Stalls (outside the temple complex), Shops selling religious items, Accommodation (Dharamshala/hotels nearby), Local transport (taxis, auto-rickshaws)